Exam 1: Perspectives on Crime and Punishment

Which was a shared belief of Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaelo Garafalo?

In which century did the Catholic Church start operating ecclesiastical prisons?

What perspective on crime supports the primary goal of deterrence, NOT revenge; the idea that to be effective, punishment must be certain and must fit the crime; the view that people can be dissuaded from committing a crime by the spectre of certain, swift, and measured consequences; and the perspective of recent "tough on crime" approaches that involve mandatory minimum sentences and mass incarceration to reduce crime rates?

What perspective on crime forms the basis of the beliefs that society lacks discipline and is in a state of social disorder, that traditional institutions and values have broken down, and that a lenient criminal justice system has led to a view that "crime pays"?

The government announces that nine new halfway houses will be built in the next 12 months. What concept does this infrastructure development best illustrate?

In what year was the first house of correction opened in England?

Which perspective on crime and criminal justice is exemplified by the belief that offenders commit crime because of neurological disorders?

Which perspective on crime and criminal justice is exemplified by the belief that providing correctional treatment to offenders can stop crime?

Who theorized that crime centres on the exploitative nature of the capitalist system and uses the justice system to oppress the lower classes?

Which four principal justifications for punishing criminal offenders apply to our present-day view of punishment?

Which of the following best defines John Howard's reformation efforts during the 1700s?

Which perspective on crime and criminal justice is exemplified by the belief that crime is a result of poverty, racism, and other social injustices?

Which individual writing during the Age of the Enlightenment believed the certainty of punishment was the most effective deterrent against criminal behaviour?

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of "corrections"?

Which term is defined as corrections policies that are formulated in pursuit of political objectives, often in the absence of an informed public or in spite of public opinion, and are centred on being "tough on crime"?

The study of the history of corrections in society today has revealed two distinct trends. One trend is the centralization and professionalization of punishment in corrections. What is the other trend?

Which term best describes the key concept in corrections that is characterized by laws and correctional policies that increase the severity of criminal sanctions and expand the control exercised over offenders by systems of corrections, often referred to as "tough-on-crime" legislation?

What shift in correctional philosophy is now being pressed into service in the United States to assist in revitalizing the U.S. correctional systems?

Which terms best categorize the three competing perspectives on crime and criminal offenders, and on the objectives of corrections?

Which statement best describes "hedonistic calculus"?