Question 1

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Viral replication uses the host's metabolic systems. 
B)  Single-stranded RNA is transcribed into double-stranded RNA by a complex of viral and host proteins for replication. 
C)  Some cancers are caused by viruses. 
D)  Viruses are not considered to be living organisms as they are unable to reproduce independently of the host cell. 
E)  All viruses are simple structures with a coat composed of 1 or 2 proteins surrounding a simple genome. 
A)  Viral replication uses the host's metabolic systems. 
B)  Single-stranded RNA is transcribed into double-stranded RNA by a complex of viral and host proteins for replication. 
C)  Some cancers are caused by viruses. 
D)  Viruses are not considered to be living organisms as they are unable to reproduce independently of the host cell. 
E)  All viruses are simple structures with a coat composed of 1 or 2 proteins surrounding a simple genome. E

Question 2

In response to certain stimuli, every gene in an individual's genome can be examined by

Accepted Answer

A)  gel electrophoresis. 
B)  large scale sequence analysis technology. 
C)  southern and/or northern analysis. 
D)  chromatin immune-precipitation assay. 
E)  enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. 
A)  gel electrophoresis. 
B)  large scale sequence analysis technology. 
C)  southern and/or northern analysis. 
D)  chromatin immune-precipitation assay. 
E)  enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. B

Question 3

A genetic map

Accepted Answer

A)  describes the relative positions of genes in recombination distances. 
B)  defines the distance between loci in kilo bases. 
C)  indicates the complexity of an organism. 
D)  outlines the characteristics of all loci on all chromosomes. 
E)  measures the distance between centromeres. 
A)  describes the relative positions of genes in recombination distances. 
B)  defines the distance between loci in kilo bases. 
C)  indicates the complexity of an organism. 
D)  outlines the characteristics of all loci on all chromosomes. 
E)  measures the distance between centromeres. A

Question 4

You are studying a bacterial population which has originated from a single cell before being divided into two separate populations. One population is placed in a dark container and continues to develop normally, while the other is exposed to sunlight and shows an increased rate of error in its DNA replication. Which of the following is the most likely causal agent of this increasing rate of error?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chemical mutagen 
B)  Spontaneous mutation 
C)  Mycotoxin 
D)  Mutagenic alkaloid 
E)  Ionising radiation 
A)  Chemical mutagen 
B)  Spontaneous mutation 
C)  Mycotoxin 
D)  Mutagenic alkaloid 
E)  Ionising radiation

Question 5

In eukaryotes, the nuclear genome is

Accepted Answer

A)  a single, circular chromosome in the nucleus. 
B)  all nucleic acids in the cell. 
C)  the DNA in the eukaryotic cell. 
D)  the chromosomal DNA in the nucleus. 
E)  the chromosomes in gametic tissue. 
A)  a single, circular chromosome in the nucleus. 
B)  all nucleic acids in the cell. 
C)  the DNA in the eukaryotic cell. 
D)  the chromosomal DNA in the nucleus. 
E)  the chromosomes in gametic tissue.

Question 6

A genome is best described as

Accepted Answer

A)  the DNA sequence of an organism that represents its full genetic information. 
B)  an ambiguous set of genes. 
C)  all of the genes of a population of organisms. 
D)  the product of a phenome. 
E)  a discreet, singular genetic unit. 
A)  the DNA sequence of an organism that represents its full genetic information. 
B)  an ambiguous set of genes. 
C)  all of the genes of a population of organisms. 
D)  the product of a phenome. 
E)  a discreet, singular genetic unit.

Question 7

The coding sequence of a gene is called

Accepted Answer

A)  a partitioning sequence. 
B)  a promoter. 
C)  an intron. 
D)  an operon. 
E)  an exon. 
A)  a partitioning sequence. 
B)  a promoter. 
C)  an intron. 
D)  an operon. 
E)  an exon.

Question 8

Genome density

Accepted Answer

A)  relates to the number of genes found per map unit of distance on a chromosome. 
B)  is the number of genes in relation to the genome size in base pairs. 
C)  is the number of genes expressed in a cell. 
D)  reflects an organism's complexity. 
E)  cannot be calculated in prokaryotes, because of their circular DNA. 
A)  relates to the number of genes found per map unit of distance on a chromosome. 
B)  is the number of genes in relation to the genome size in base pairs. 
C)  is the number of genes expressed in a cell. 
D)  reflects an organism's complexity. 
E)  cannot be calculated in prokaryotes, because of their circular DNA.

Question 9

The mechanisms of DNA repair

Accepted Answer

A)  are mostly enzyme-based. 
B)  minimise risk by killing the affected cell. 
C)  involve RNA-polymerase through complementary base pairing. 
D)  are located in the ribosomes. 
E)  act only during the meiotic phase of cell division. 
A)  are mostly enzyme-based. 
B)  minimise risk by killing the affected cell. 
C)  involve RNA-polymerase through complementary base pairing. 
D)  are located in the ribosomes. 
E)  act only during the meiotic phase of cell division.

Question 10

A 'jumping gene' is able to insert a copy of a DNA sequence into another location. A 'jumping gene' is more often called a

Accepted Answer

A)  transposable element. 
B)  non-coding DNA. 
C)  repetition sequence. 
D)  transcription sequence. 
E)  partitioning sequence. 
A)  transposable element. 
B)  non-coding DNA. 
C)  repetition sequence. 
D)  transcription sequence. 
E)  partitioning sequence.

Question 11

Which of the following is INCORRECT in relation to cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cancer results from a series of mutations leading to changes in a cell's behaviour. 
B)  Cancerous cells can invade and damage other tissues. 
C)  Primary cancers are not the same type of cancer as secondary cancers. 
D)  Cancer causes unregulated cell proliferation. 
E)  Cancer is a genetic disease. 
A)  Cancer results from a series of mutations leading to changes in a cell's behaviour. 
B)  Cancerous cells can invade and damage other tissues. 
C)  Primary cancers are not the same type of cancer as secondary cancers. 
D)  Cancer causes unregulated cell proliferation. 
E)  Cancer is a genetic disease.

Question 12

In an in-vitro experiment with DNA, an unknown enzyme and reagents are added to a tube. An RNA transcript is detected that was not present previously. What would this enzyme be?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reverse transcriptase 
B)  DNA polymerase 
C)  RNA polymerase 
D)  DNA exonuclease 
E)  RNA endonuclease 
A)  Reverse transcriptase 
B)  DNA polymerase 
C)  RNA polymerase 
D)  DNA exonuclease 
E)  RNA endonuclease

Question 13

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cancer formation requires multiple genetic changes. 
B)  Cancer cell genomes have a higher plasticity than normal cell genomes. 
C)  Many tumour repressor genes are involved in DNA repair. 
D)  Dominant oncogenes commonly play a role in stimulating cell growth. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  Cancer formation requires multiple genetic changes. 
B)  Cancer cell genomes have a higher plasticity than normal cell genomes. 
C)  Many tumour repressor genes are involved in DNA repair. 
D)  Dominant oncogenes commonly play a role in stimulating cell growth. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

To which of the following do retrotransposons function most similarly?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retroviruses 
B)  Retrocodons 
C)  Cis-transposons 
D)  Poly-jumping genes 
E)  All of the options listed here are incorrect. 
A)  Retroviruses 
B)  Retrocodons 
C)  Cis-transposons 
D)  Poly-jumping genes 
E)  All of the options listed here are incorrect.

Question 15

cDNA is used in microarrays because it

Accepted Answer

A)  is complementary to the mRNA from which it was copied. 
B)  will bind to complementary DNA. 
C)  can be labelled with a fluorescent dye so that genes that it binds to can be identified. 
D)  single-stranded DNA is more stable than single-stranded RNA. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  is complementary to the mRNA from which it was copied. 
B)  will bind to complementary DNA. 
C)  can be labelled with a fluorescent dye so that genes that it binds to can be identified. 
D)  single-stranded DNA is more stable than single-stranded RNA. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Cancer is a general term used to describe

Accepted Answer

A)  a disease where healthy tissue is irreparably damaged. 
B)  diseases that originate from mutations, caused by the environment, in healthy cells. 
C)  diseases caused by unregulated growth of cells, causing damage to tissue. 
D)  diseases that are genetic in origin. 
E)  a disease caused by translocation of regions of the chromosome causing incorrect gene expression. 
A)  a disease where healthy tissue is irreparably damaged. 
B)  diseases that originate from mutations, caused by the environment, in healthy cells. 
C)  diseases caused by unregulated growth of cells, causing damage to tissue. 
D)  diseases that are genetic in origin. 
E)  a disease caused by translocation of regions of the chromosome causing incorrect gene expression.

Question 17

Familial retinoblastoma

Accepted Answer

A)  susceptibility is inherited as a recessive trait. 
B)  differs from non-familial retinoblastoma in that there is no recurrence in the familial form. 
C)  always leads to the development of tumours, usually later in life. 
D)  is caused primarily by acquired mutations in both alleles. 
E)  is caused by inheritance of a non-functional allele, plus mutation of the second allele. 
A)  susceptibility is inherited as a recessive trait. 
B)  differs from non-familial retinoblastoma in that there is no recurrence in the familial form. 
C)  always leads to the development of tumours, usually later in life. 
D)  is caused primarily by acquired mutations in both alleles. 
E)  is caused by inheritance of a non-functional allele, plus mutation of the second allele.

Question 18

Ribosomal DNA is

Accepted Answer

A)  synthesised by ribosomes in the nucleolus of a cell. 
B)  found only in the nucleolus of ribosomes. 
C)  repeated DNA sequences that encode the RNA components of ribosomes. 
D)  the DNA that codes for the ribosomal proteins. 
E)  variable DNA sequences that are required for the many different ribosomes found in organisms. 
A)  synthesised by ribosomes in the nucleolus of a cell. 
B)  found only in the nucleolus of ribosomes. 
C)  repeated DNA sequences that encode the RNA components of ribosomes. 
D)  the DNA that codes for the ribosomal proteins. 
E)  variable DNA sequences that are required for the many different ribosomes found in organisms.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a form of environmental damage to DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  Deamination of cytosine 
B)  Hydrolytic loss of guanine 
C)  Radiation induced dimers 
D)  Photoreactivation 
E)  All are forms of environmental damage 
A)  Deamination of cytosine 
B)  Hydrolytic loss of guanine 
C)  Radiation induced dimers 
D)  Photoreactivation 
E)  All are forms of environmental damage

Question 20

Ultraviolet radiation can cause two adjacent thymines in DNA to covalently bond, forming a dimer. If not repaired, this has the effect of

Accepted Answer

A)  introducing substitution errors. 
B)  introducing replication errors. 
C)  breaking the DNA strand. 
D)  blocking DNA synthesis. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  introducing substitution errors. 
B)  introducing replication errors. 
C)  breaking the DNA strand. 
D)  blocking DNA synthesis. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Exam 13: Genomes, Mutation and Cancer

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

In response to certain stimuli, every gene in an individual's genome can be examined by

A genetic map

In eukaryotes, the nuclear genome is

A genome is best described as

The coding sequence of a gene is called

Genome density

The mechanisms of DNA repair

A 'jumping gene' is able to insert a copy of a DNA sequence into another location. A 'jumping gene' is more often called a

Which of the following is INCORRECT in relation to cancer?

In an in-vitro experiment with DNA, an unknown enzyme and reagents are added to a tube. An RNA transcript is detected that was not present previously. What would this enzyme be?

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

To which of the following do retrotransposons function most similarly?

cDNA is used in microarrays because it

Cancer is a general term used to describe

Familial retinoblastoma

Ribosomal DNA is

Which of the following is NOT a form of environmental damage to DNA?

Ultraviolet radiation can cause two adjacent thymines in DNA to covalently bond, forming a dimer. If not repaired, this has the effect of

Nature of Molecules

Biomolecules

The Chemistry of Life

Functioning Cells

Movement Across Membranes

Harvesting Energy

Cells, Tissues and Signals

Cell Division

Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes and Dna

The Genetic Code

Gene Expression

Viruses

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Reproduction, Growth and Development of Flowering Plants

Structure of Plants

Plant Nutrition, Transport and Adaptation to Stress

Plant Hormones and Growth Responses

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulation

Metabolism, Temperature Regulation and Environmental Stress

Animal and Human Nutrition

Innate Defences and the Immune System

Hormonal Control in Animals

Nervous Systems

Animal Movement

Animal Behaviour

Evolving Life

Evolving Earth

Mechanisms of Evolution

Bacteria

The Protists

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Fungi

Simple Animals: Sponges to Flatworms

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Echinoderms and Chordates

Australian Biota

Population Ecology

Living in Communities

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