Exam 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

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Social supports for returning students can make the difference between continuing in school and dropping out.Adult students need family members and friends who encourage their educational efforts and enable them to find time for uninterrupted study.Helen's family and friends can encourage her to rely on the services that her college offers for returning students.Personal relationships with faculty,peer networks with other nontraditional students,evening and Saturday classes,online courses,and financial aid will increase her chances of academic success.Although nontraditional students rarely require assistance in settling on career goals,they often desire assistance in choosing the most appropriate courses and for small,discussion-based classes that meet their learning and relationship needs.Academic advising and professional internship opportunities are vital.Helen's workplace can offer her a flexible work schedule to make it possible for her to coordinate her work,school,and family responsibilities.When support systems are in place,most returning students reap great personal benefits and do well academically.Succeeding at coordinating education,family,and work demands leads to gains in self-efficacy and admiration from family members,friends,and co-workers.Nontraditional students especially value forming new relationships,sharing opinions and experiences,and relating subject matter to their own lives.Their greater ability to integrate knowledge results in an enhanced appreciation of classroom experiences and assignments.And their presence in college classes provides valuable intergenerational contact.

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The Type A behavior pattern includes extreme competitiveness,ambition,impatience,hostility,angry outbursts,and sense of eagerness,hurriedness,and time pressure.Several decades ago,researchers found that men who displayed the Type A behavior pattern were more than twice as likely as Type Bs to develop heart disease.Later studies,however,often failed to confirm these outcomes.Type A is actually a mix of behaviors,only one or two of which affect health.Current evidence pinpoints hostility as the "toxic" ingredient of Type A,since isolating it from global Type A consistently predicts heart disease and other health problems,even after factors that might otherwise account for these outcomes-such as smoking,alcohol consumption,overweight,and life stressors-are controlled.The risks of high blood pressure,atherosclerosis,and stroke are several times greater in adults scoring high on hostility measures than those scoring low.Expressed hostility in particular-frequent angry outbursts; rude,disagreeable behavior; critical and condescending nonverbal cues during social interaction,including glares; and expressions of contempt and disgust-predicts greater cardiovascular arousal,coronary artery plaque buildup,and heart disease.A related feature of the Type A pattern that also predicts heart disease is a socially dominant interactive style,evident in rapid,loud insistent speech and impatiently cutting off and talking over others.As people engage in these behaviors,heart rate,blood pressure,and stress hormones escalate.