Exam 9: Weathering and Soils

-Complete the following weathering concept map by selecting the correct term for number 3.

The following is from Environmental Compliance in U.S. Agricultural Policy: Past Performance and Future Potential, by Roger Claassen, Vince Breneman, Shawn Bucholtz, Andrea Cattaneo, Robert Johansson, and Mitch Morehart, AER-832, USDA/ERS, June 2004. Since its inception in the 1930s, U.S. agricultural policy has been designed to support farmers' incomes while promoting soil conservation practices. By the 1970s, however, policymakers recognized that existing farm price and income support programs were not always consistent with soil conservation efforts. An unintended effect of these programs was to encourage producers to maintain or expand production of relatively erosive crops, such as row crops (corn, cotton, soybeans), sometimes on highly erosion-prone soils. At the same time, the Government was helping farmers reduce soil erosion and related damages through conservation cost-sharing programs. Policymakers further recognized-aside from concerns about consistency-that farm program payments could be used as incentives to encourage better conservation behavior. -Wind velocity:

The following is from Environmental Compliance in U.S. Agricultural Policy: Past Performance and Future Potential, by Roger Claassen, Vince Breneman, Shawn Bucholtz, Andrea Cattaneo, Robert Johansson, and Mitch Morehart, AER-832, USDA/ERS, June 2004. Since its inception in the 1930s, U.S. agricultural policy has been designed to support farmers' incomes while promoting soil conservation practices. By the 1970s, however, policymakers recognized that existing farm price and income support programs were not always consistent with soil conservation efforts. An unintended effect of these programs was to encourage producers to maintain or expand production of relatively erosive crops, such as row crops (corn, cotton, soybeans), sometimes on highly erosion-prone soils. At the same time, the Government was helping farmers reduce soil erosion and related damages through conservation cost-sharing programs. Policymakers further recognized-aside from concerns about consistency-that farm program payments could be used as incentives to encourage better conservation behavior. -What process is the removal of materials?

The following is from Environmental Compliance in U.S. Agricultural Policy: Past Performance and Future Potential, by Roger Claassen, Vince Breneman, Shawn Bucholtz, Andrea Cattaneo, Robert Johansson, and Mitch Morehart, AER-832, USDA/ERS, June 2004. Since its inception in the 1930s, U.S. agricultural policy has been designed to support farmers' incomes while promoting soil conservation practices. By the 1970s, however, policymakers recognized that existing farm price and income support programs were not always consistent with soil conservation efforts. An unintended effect of these programs was to encourage producers to maintain or expand production of relatively erosive crops, such as row crops (corn, cotton, soybeans), sometimes on highly erosion-prone soils. At the same time, the Government was helping farmers reduce soil erosion and related damages through conservation cost-sharing programs. Policymakers further recognized-aside from concerns about consistency-that farm program payments could be used as incentives to encourage better conservation behavior. -Maintain vegetation:

The following is from Environmental Compliance in U.S. Agricultural Policy: Past Performance and Future Potential, by Roger Claassen, Vince Breneman, Shawn Bucholtz, Andrea Cattaneo, Robert Johansson, and Mitch Morehart, AER-832, USDA/ERS, June 2004. Since its inception in the 1930s, U.S. agricultural policy has been designed to support farmers' incomes while promoting soil conservation practices. By the 1970s, however, policymakers recognized that existing farm price and income support programs were not always consistent with soil conservation efforts. An unintended effect of these programs was to encourage producers to maintain or expand production of relatively erosive crops, such as row crops (corn, cotton, soybeans), sometimes on highly erosion-prone soils. At the same time, the Government was helping farmers reduce soil erosion and related damages through conservation cost-sharing programs. Policymakers further recognized-aside from concerns about consistency-that farm program payments could be used as incentives to encourage better conservation behavior. -What type of chemical weathering occurs when minerals dissolve in water?

The following is from Environmental Compliance in U.S. Agricultural Policy: Past Performance and Future Potential, by Roger Claassen, Vince Breneman, Shawn Bucholtz, Andrea Cattaneo, Robert Johansson, and Mitch Morehart, AER-832, USDA/ERS, June 2004. Since its inception in the 1930s, U.S. agricultural policy has been designed to support farmers' incomes while promoting soil conservation practices. By the 1970s, however, policymakers recognized that existing farm price and income support programs were not always consistent with soil conservation efforts. An unintended effect of these programs was to encourage producers to maintain or expand production of relatively erosive crops, such as row crops (corn, cotton, soybeans), sometimes on highly erosion-prone soils. At the same time, the Government was helping farmers reduce soil erosion and related damages through conservation cost-sharing programs. Policymakers further recognized-aside from concerns about consistency-that farm program payments could be used as incentives to encourage better conservation behavior. -Character of the soil:

Biologic weathering is essential for soil formation.

The volume decreases when water changes to ice.

Fractured rocks weather more rapidly than unfractured rocks.

What processes play key roles in soil formation?

The following is from Environmental Compliance in U.S. Agricultural Policy: Past Performance and Future Potential, by Roger Claassen, Vince Breneman, Shawn Bucholtz, Andrea Cattaneo, Robert Johansson, and Mitch Morehart, AER-832, USDA/ERS, June 2004. Since its inception in the 1930s, U.S. agricultural policy has been designed to support farmers' incomes while promoting soil conservation practices. By the 1970s, however, policymakers recognized that existing farm price and income support programs were not always consistent with soil conservation efforts. An unintended effect of these programs was to encourage producers to maintain or expand production of relatively erosive crops, such as row crops (corn, cotton, soybeans), sometimes on highly erosion-prone soils. At the same time, the Government was helping farmers reduce soil erosion and related damages through conservation cost-sharing programs. Policymakers further recognized-aside from concerns about consistency-that farm program payments could be used as incentives to encourage better conservation behavior. -What type of chemical weathering causes rust to form?

The following is from Environmental Compliance in U.S. Agricultural Policy: Past Performance and Future Potential, by Roger Claassen, Vince Breneman, Shawn Bucholtz, Andrea Cattaneo, Robert Johansson, and Mitch Morehart, AER-832, USDA/ERS, June 2004. Since its inception in the 1930s, U.S. agricultural policy has been designed to support farmers' incomes while promoting soil conservation practices. By the 1970s, however, policymakers recognized that existing farm price and income support programs were not always consistent with soil conservation efforts. An unintended effect of these programs was to encourage producers to maintain or expand production of relatively erosive crops, such as row crops (corn, cotton, soybeans), sometimes on highly erosion-prone soils. At the same time, the Government was helping farmers reduce soil erosion and related damages through conservation cost-sharing programs. Policymakers further recognized-aside from concerns about consistency-that farm program payments could be used as incentives to encourage better conservation behavior. -What hypothesis is discussed in this passage?

Basalt parent rock would form a soil very similar to that formed from limestone.

What will chemical weathering do to the rate of physical weathering?

Permeability describes how rapidly water moves through a rock.

What materials are you likely to find in a soil horizon from the surface down?