A) refer collectively to ways in which individuals are either singled out, or overlooked, ignored, or otherwise discounted on the basis of unchangeable characteristics such as sex, race, or age B) generally take the form of different kinds of language, treatment, or behavior exhibited toward women on a regular basis C) are often deeply rooted and seemingly unconscious D) all of the above A) refer collectively to ways in which individuals are either singled out, or overlooked, ignored, or otherwise discounted on the basis of unchangeable characteristics such as sex, race, or age B) generally take the form of different kinds of language, treatment, or behavior exhibited toward women on a regular basis C) are often deeply rooted and seemingly unconscious D) all of the above

Exam 5: Sex and Gender Inequality

Compare and contrast the cultural, social-structural, ecological, and capitalist/patriarchal theories on the origins of sex inequality. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each perspective?

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Cultural theory suggests that sex inequality is primarily a result of cultural norms, values, and beliefs that have been ingrained in society for generations. This perspective argues that gender roles and expectations are learned from a young age and are perpetuated through socialization, media, and institutions. Strengths of cultural theory include its recognition of the importance of socialization and cultural norms in shaping attitudes and behaviors related to sex inequality. However, a weakness is that it may overlook the impact of larger social structures and systems on sex inequality.

Social-structural theory posits that sex inequality is rooted in the structure of society, including its economic, political, and legal systems. This perspective focuses on the unequal distribution of power, resources, and opportunities between men and women. The strengths of social-structural theory lie in its emphasis on the structural barriers that perpetuate sex inequality, but it may overlook the role of cultural and individual factors.

Ecological theory suggests that sex inequality is influenced by the physical and social environment in which individuals live. This perspective emphasizes the impact of geographic location, social networks, and community resources on sex inequality. The strengths of ecological theory include its focus on the contextual factors that contribute to sex inequality, but it may overlook the larger societal and structural forces at play.

Capitalist/patriarchal theory argues that sex inequality is a result of capitalism and the patriarchy, which systematically privilege men over women in economic, political, and social spheres. This perspective highlights the ways in which capitalism and patriarchy intersect to perpetuate sex inequality. The strengths of capitalist/patriarchal theory include its recognition of the systemic nature of sex inequality, but it may overlook the ways in which cultural and ecological factors also contribute to sex inequality.

In conclusion, each of these theories provides valuable insights into the origins of sex inequality, but they also have their limitations. A comprehensive understanding of sex inequality requires an integration of cultural, social-structural, ecological, and capitalist/patriarchal perspectives.

In 1900, a much greater proportion of Black than native White women were employed as breadwinners.

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One of the reasons for the high female suicide rate in China is that rural Chinese women are generally not considered as valuable or worthy as their male counterparts and are thought of as the property of males.

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Compare and contrast the cultural, social-structural, ecological, and capitalist/patriarchal theories on the origins of sex inequality. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each perspective?

In 1900, a much greater proportion of Black than native White women were employed as breadwinners.

One of the reasons for the high female suicide rate in China is that rural Chinese women are generally not considered as valuable or worthy as their male counterparts and are thought of as the property of males.

Lower motivation and work effort on the part of women appear to be significant factors in accounting for their lower wages. (p.102)

According to Sanday, societies in which animals must be killed, in which death and destruction predominate, develop:

According to Vogel, "the social aspect of necessary labor" refers to labor done at the workplace that is needed for the renewal of the labor process.

The economic contributions of wives are especially noticeable among upper-income families because their incomes make much more of an impact.

Sanday's ecological theory ultimately traces the roots of male dominance to:

Vogel contends that among the forms that patriarchy has taken under capitalism is:

A recent study of college textbooks from several decades in the areas of human sexuality and marriage and the family concluded that the proportion of traditional photographs of women's roles had drastically changed by the 1990s.

"Microinequities":

In what ways has globalization impacted sex and gender inequality?

Studies of communication styles show that:

The increased presence of written rules, tasks, and procedures in an organization appears to have a positive effect on the number of women hired by the organization. (p.101)

Sanday argued that Western colonialism gave women a higher status they held in traditional societies.

While poor women in the early agricultural U.S. were like slaves or servants to their husbands, rich women were relatively equal to their husbands.

Vogel contends that women's involvement in the reproductive process creates a dilemma for capitalists and an internal contradiction in the capitalist system.

Sociologist Mary Romero (1992), who has served as a maid, suggests reforms involving:

Collins argues that men's primacy during warfare in a hostile environment is related to their dominance of women.

Wives' earnings in upper-income families have reduced the degree of income inequality between families.

An Introduction to the Study of Social Inequality

Economic Inequality

Status Inequality

Political Inequality

Sexual Orientation and Inequality

Racial and Ethnic Inequality

Classical Explanations of Inequality

Contemporary Explanations of Inequality

The Impact of Inequality on Personal Life Chances

Social Consequences of Inequality

Social Inequality and Social Movements

Social Mobility and Status Attainment: Openness in Us Society

Justice and Legitimacy: Assessments of the Structure of Inequality

Addressing Inequality and Poverty: Programs and Reforms

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