Question 1

The idea that our sense of who we are is largely a reflection of how others see us comes from

Accepted Answer

A)  James' I-self and me-self. 
B)  Cooley's looking glass self. 
C)  Mahler's individuated self. 
D)  Mead's symbolic self. 
A)  James' I-self and me-self. 
B)  Cooley's looking glass self. 
C)  Mahler's individuated self. 
D)  Mead's symbolic self.

Question 2

The theory that posits that moral behavior is constructed from an individual's interactions with the environment is the

Accepted Answer

A)  social domain theory. 
B)  social constructivist theory. 
C)  sociocultural theory. 
D)  social interactionist theory. 
A)  social domain theory. 
B)  social constructivist theory. 
C)  sociocultural theory. 
D)  social interactionist theory.

Question 3

If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that

Accepted Answer

A)  morality is a personal trait, so a person's level of moral reasoning is reflected in their behavior across many situations. 
B)  people at lower levels of moral reasoning almost always reflect their level of reasoning in their behavior. 
C)  the level of reasoning and moral behavior is usually consistent for men, but there is more variability for women. 
D)  morality is more state-like than trait-like because many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally. 
A)  morality is a personal trait, so a person's level of moral reasoning is reflected in their behavior across many situations. 
B)  people at lower levels of moral reasoning almost always reflect their level of reasoning in their behavior. 
C)  the level of reasoning and moral behavior is usually consistent for men, but there is more variability for women. 
D)  morality is more state-like than trait-like because many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally.

Question 4

One reason why school-based programs to build students' self-esteem have not lived up to their expectations is that

Accepted Answer

A)  we have not used the programs for long enough for them to produce the effects we are looking for. 
B)  we haven't spent enough money to implement self-esteem building programs. 
C)  self-esteem and positive outcomes is correlated, but this doesn't mean that high self-esteem causes positive outcomes. 
D)  these programs work as expected for minority children, but do not have the expected effect for majority children. 
A)  we have not used the programs for long enough for them to produce the effects we are looking for. 
B)  we haven't spent enough money to implement self-esteem building programs. 
C)  self-esteem and positive outcomes is correlated, but this doesn't mean that high self-esteem causes positive outcomes. 
D)  these programs work as expected for minority children, but do not have the expected effect for majority children.

Question 5

Research that has evaluated the effectiveness of school-based programs that are designed to build self-esteem has found that

Accepted Answer

A)  program participants used drugs and alcohol at lower rates than students who didn't participate in such programs. 
B)  there were substantial improvements in school attendance and academic performance after the programs ended. 
C)  program participants reported having larger social networks and higher quality friendships than students who didn't participate. 
D)  there were no significant positive outcomes that could be tied back to participation in these programs. 
A)  program participants used drugs and alcohol at lower rates than students who didn't participate in such programs. 
B)  there were substantial improvements in school attendance and academic performance after the programs ended. 
C)  program participants reported having larger social networks and higher quality friendships than students who didn't participate. 
D)  there were no significant positive outcomes that could be tied back to participation in these programs.

Question 6

Kohlberg found that even children as young as two years of age believed that gender could not change over time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

What concept best explains why the media has a negative impact on an adolescent's self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social referencing 
B)  Self-imaging 
C)  Social comparison 
D)  Secondary referencing 
A)  Social referencing 
B)  Self-imaging 
C)  Social comparison 
D)  Secondary referencing

Question 8

When an adolescent develops an identity that is opposite to the identity that parents or other adults would want the adolescent to have, the adolescent has developed a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  diffused identity. 
B)  negative identity. 
C)  foreclosed identity. 
D)  identity crisis. 
A)  diffused identity. 
B)  negative identity. 
C)  foreclosed identity. 
D)  identity crisis.

Question 9

Research on cartoons and gender stereotypes finds that

Accepted Answer

A)  young boys who watch superhero cartoons more often are more likely to show male stereotyped play and weapons play than those who do not. 
B)  young girls who watch superhero cartoons more often are more likely to show behavior typically seen in young boys. 
C)  young boys who watch cartoons marketed for young girls are more likely to show female stereotyped play than those who do not. 
D)  young girls who watch cartoons marketed for girls are more likely to show intensified female stereotyped behavior. 
A)  young boys who watch superhero cartoons more often are more likely to show male stereotyped play and weapons play than those who do not. 
B)  young girls who watch superhero cartoons more often are more likely to show behavior typically seen in young boys. 
C)  young boys who watch cartoons marketed for young girls are more likely to show female stereotyped play than those who do not. 
D)  young girls who watch cartoons marketed for girls are more likely to show intensified female stereotyped behavior.

Question 10

In Phinney's theory of ethnic identity development, adolescents move from a stage of unexamined ethnic identity to

Accepted Answer

A)  accepting without question the attitudes and values of other members of the adolescent's ethnic group. 
B)  an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescent's ethnicity. 
C)  a stage in which the adolescent actively rejects his or her ethnic identity in favor of a majority identity. 
D)  a period of moratorium in which the adolescent does nothing with regard to developing an ethnic identity. 
A)  accepting without question the attitudes and values of other members of the adolescent's ethnic group. 
B)  an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescent's ethnicity. 
C)  a stage in which the adolescent actively rejects his or her ethnic identity in favor of a majority identity. 
D)  a period of moratorium in which the adolescent does nothing with regard to developing an ethnic identity.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about gender differences in self-esteem is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Boys have higher self-esteem than girls throughout childhood and adolescence. 
B)  Although boys have higher scores on measures of self-esteem than girls, the difference is actually quite small. 
C)  Any differences in the self-esteem of boys and girls have disappeared by mid-adolescence. 
D)  Contrary to what many people believe, girls have higher self-esteem than boys through most of adolescence. 
A)  Boys have higher self-esteem than girls throughout childhood and adolescence. 
B)  Although boys have higher scores on measures of self-esteem than girls, the difference is actually quite small. 
C)  Any differences in the self-esteem of boys and girls have disappeared by mid-adolescence. 
D)  Contrary to what many people believe, girls have higher self-esteem than boys through most of adolescence.

Question 12

Based on what we now know about how self-esteem develops, if you were a fourth-grade teacher, how would you promote the development of self-esteem in your students? What would you avoid doing?

Accepted Answer

As a fourth-grade teacher, promoting the

Question 13

An adolescent who would be in James Marcia's stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who

Accepted Answer

A)  is not thinking about her future identify and not very concerned about it. 
B)  is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment. 
C)  is willing to accept an identity that someone else has chosen for them. 
D)  has actively searched for an identity and is fully ready to commit to one. 
A)  is not thinking about her future identify and not very concerned about it. 
B)  is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment. 
C)  is willing to accept an identity that someone else has chosen for them. 
D)  has actively searched for an identity and is fully ready to commit to one.

Question 14

Which self-description is most likely the view of a preschooler?

Accepted Answer

A)  "I can lift this heavy rock! I am really strong." 
B)  "Mommy, pick you up!!" 
C)  "I feel sad when I don't have a friend to go to the movies with." 
D)  "I am pretty quiet around my teachers, but I am really talkative with my friends." 
A)  "I can lift this heavy rock! I am really strong." 
B)  "Mommy, pick you up!!" 
C)  "I feel sad when I don't have a friend to go to the movies with." 
D)  "I am pretty quiet around my teachers, but I am really talkative with my friends."

Question 15

According to Erikson, as children enter middle childhood they are dealing with the stage of

Accepted Answer

A)  trust versus mistrust. 
B)  industry versus inferiority. 
C)  initiative versus guilt. 
D)  identity versus role confusion. 
A)  trust versus mistrust. 
B)  industry versus inferiority. 
C)  initiative versus guilt. 
D)  identity versus role confusion.

Question 16

When someone is ready to disclose that he is gay or she is lesbian, this disclosure

Accepted Answer

A)  is usually made first to a friend or sibling, and next to a mother rather than a father. 
B)  is being made at older ages than was true in the past. 
C)  is usually made first to a mother, then a father, and finally friends and siblings. 
D)  is made first to fathers in the case of gay men, and first to mothers in the case of lesbians. 
A)  is usually made first to a friend or sibling, and next to a mother rather than a father. 
B)  is being made at older ages than was true in the past. 
C)  is usually made first to a mother, then a father, and finally friends and siblings. 
D)  is made first to fathers in the case of gay men, and first to mothers in the case of lesbians.

Question 17

According to James Marcia, before an adolescent can achieve an identity they must

Accepted Answer

A)  find a mentor who will coach and guide them and build a social network. 
B)  filter out information that that does not interest them and focus only on one specific identity choice. 
C)  engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make. 
D)  build a strong sense of their self-esteem and seek out activities that they enjoy and can succeed at. 
A)  find a mentor who will coach and guide them and build a social network. 
B)  filter out information that that does not interest them and focus only on one specific identity choice. 
C)  engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make. 
D)  build a strong sense of their self-esteem and seek out activities that they enjoy and can succeed at.

Question 18

Boys are actively discouraged from cross-gender activities because boys are expected to stay that way as they grow up.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Compare Kohlberg's and Gilligan's ideas of what morality is and how it develops.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg and Gilligan both developed the

Question 20

Children growing up in collectivist cultures are better at visual perspective taking than children growing up in individualistic cultures.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

The idea that our sense of who we are is largely a reflection of how others see us comes from

The theory that posits that moral behavior is constructed from an individual's interactions with the environment is the

If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that

One reason why school-based programs to build students' self-esteem have not lived up to their expectations is that

Research that has evaluated the effectiveness of school-based programs that are designed to build self-esteem has found that

Kohlberg found that even children as young as two years of age believed that gender could not change over time.

What concept best explains why the media has a negative impact on an adolescent's self-esteem?

When an adolescent develops an identity that is opposite to the identity that parents or other adults would want the adolescent to have, the adolescent has developed a(n)

Research on cartoons and gender stereotypes finds that

In Phinney's theory of ethnic identity development, adolescents move from a stage of unexamined ethnic identity to

Which of the following statements about gender differences in self-esteem is the most accurate?

Based on what we now know about how self-esteem develops, if you were a fourth-grade teacher, how would you promote the development of self-esteem in your students? What would you avoid doing?

An adolescent who would be in James Marcia's stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who

Which self-description is most likely the view of a preschooler?

According to Erikson, as children enter middle childhood they are dealing with the stage of

When someone is ready to disclose that he is gay or she is lesbian, this disclosure

According to James Marcia, before an adolescent can achieve an identity they must

Boys are actively discouraged from cross-gender activities because boys are expected to stay that way as they grow up.

Compare Kohlberg's and Gilligan's ideas of what morality is and how it develops.

Children growing up in collectivist cultures are better at visual perspective taking than children growing up in individualistic cultures.

Introduction: Issues and Themes in Child Development

Theories of Development

How We Study Development

How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture

Prenatal Development, the Newborn, and the Transition to Parenthood

Physical Development: the Brain and the Body

Cognitive Development

Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Language Development

Emotional Development and Attachment

Social Development: Social Cognition and Peer Relationships

Families

Beyond Family and School: Activities, Media and the Natural World

Health, Well-Being, and Resilience

Filters

Exam 11: Identity: the Self, Gender, and Moral Development

The idea that our sense of who we are is largely a reflection of how others see us comes from

The theory that posits that moral behavior is constructed from an individual's interactions with the environment is the

If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that

One reason why school-based programs to build students' self-esteem have not lived up to their expectations is that

Research that has evaluated the effectiveness of school-based programs that are designed to build self-esteem has found that

Kohlberg found that even children as young as two years of age believed that gender could not change over time.

What concept best explains why the media has a negative impact on an adolescent's self-esteem?

When an adolescent develops an identity that is opposite to the identity that parents or other adults would want the adolescent to have, the adolescent has developed a(n)

Research on cartoons and gender stereotypes finds that

In Phinney's theory of ethnic identity development, adolescents move from a stage of unexamined ethnic identity to

Which of the following statements about gender differences in self-esteem is the most accurate?

Based on what we now know about how self-esteem develops, if you were a fourth-grade teacher, how would you promote the development of self-esteem in your students? What would you avoid doing?

An adolescent who would be in James Marcia's stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who

Which self-description is most likely the view of a preschooler?

According to Erikson, as children enter middle childhood they are dealing with the stage of

When someone is ready to disclose that he is gay or she is lesbian, this disclosure

According to James Marcia, before an adolescent can achieve an identity they must

Boys are actively discouraged from cross-gender activities because boys are expected to stay that way as they grow up.

Compare Kohlberg's and Gilligan's ideas of what morality is and how it develops.

Children growing up in collectivist cultures are better at visual perspective taking than children growing up in individualistic cultures.

Introduction: Issues and Themes in Child Development

Theories of Development

How We Study Development

How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture

Prenatal Development, the Newborn, and the Transition to Parenthood

Physical Development: the Brain and the Body

Cognitive Development

Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Language Development

Emotional Development and Attachment

Social Development: Social Cognition and Peer Relationships

Families

Beyond Family and School: Activities, Media and the Natural World

Health, Well-Being, and Resilience

Filters