Question 1

Positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as ______________ is to decreasing behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) extinction 
C) shaping 
D) generalization 
A) negative reinforcement 
B) extinction 
C) shaping 
D) generalization B

Question 2

Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus. Jumping through a fiery hoop is one of the acts. At the onset of this training, Carl reinforced the dogs for each movement toward the hoop. Eventually, they were reinforced as they neared the hoop. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) escape conditioning. 
C) shaping. 
D) avoidance conditioning. 
A) classical conditioning. 
B) escape conditioning. 
C) shaping. 
D) avoidance conditioning. C

Question 3

The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that

Accepted Answer

A) rats could learn a maze only if there was reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map. 
B) rats could learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map. 
C) dogs could not be conditioned when tones and shocks were presented at random intervals. 
D) dogs come to expect shock in the presence of the tone. 
A) rats could learn a maze only if there was reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map. 
B) rats could learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map. 
C) dogs could not be conditioned when tones and shocks were presented at random intervals. 
D) dogs come to expect shock in the presence of the tone. B

Question 4

Describe, with examples, the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Intermittent reinforcement schedules are

Question 5

Explain the two operant conditioning methods that can be used to decrease a child's temper tantrums.

Accepted Answer

The two operant conditioning methods tha

Question 6

This psychologist used cats in puzzle boxes to develop his understanding of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) Edward Thorndike 
B) B.F. Skinner 
C) John B. Watson 
D) Sigmund Freud 
A) Edward Thorndike 
B) B.F. Skinner 
C) John B. Watson 
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 7

Gambling is a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gambling is a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement....

Question 8

A variable-interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

Accepted Answer

A) a certain number of correct responses are made. 
B) any number of correct responses are made. 
C) different time spans elapse. 
D) a set amount of time passes. 
A) a certain number of correct responses are made. 
B) any number of correct responses are made. 
C) different time spans elapse. 
D) a set amount of time passes.

Question 9

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) Money 
B) Food 
C) Cigarettes 
D) Job success 
A) Money 
B) Food 
C) Cigarettes 
D) Job success

Question 10

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to __________ because they are on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) start studying immediately after the quiz; fixed-interval 
B) study regularly through the week; fixed-interval 
C) study on Sunday nights; fixed-interval 
D) pay attention in class; variable-interval 
A) start studying immediately after the quiz; fixed-interval 
B) study regularly through the week; fixed-interval 
C) study on Sunday nights; fixed-interval 
D) pay attention in class; variable-interval

Question 11

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement will later find food at the end of the maze faster than a rat that has never seen the maze. According to Tolman, the experienced rat can do this because

Accepted Answer

A) rats have a genetic predisposition for spatial-directional skills. 
B) the experienced rat was inadvertently hungry because of the increased activity, resulting in a stronger desire for food. 
C) the experienced rat had actually learned the intricacies of the maze, but the learning was latent. 
D) the inexperienced rat was overweight because of inactivity and could not run as fast the well-conditioned experienced rat. 
A) rats have a genetic predisposition for spatial-directional skills. 
B) the experienced rat was inadvertently hungry because of the increased activity, resulting in a stronger desire for food. 
C) the experienced rat had actually learned the intricacies of the maze, but the learning was latent. 
D) the inexperienced rat was overweight because of inactivity and could not run as fast the well-conditioned experienced rat.

Question 12

Tim repeatedly placed his pigeon in a cage, with birdseed just outside the cage door. The only way the pigeon could reach the birdseed was to peck a button fixed on one of the walls. This opened the door and allowed the pigeon to reach the seed. According to the law of effect, which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

A) The pigeon would ignore the birdseed. 
B) The pigeon would experience frustration and go to sleep. 
C) The pigeon would eventually peck the button and access the food, but never try to do this again. 
D) The pigeon would eventually peck the button and access the food, and each subsequent time, peck the button more quickly than before. 
A) The pigeon would ignore the birdseed. 
B) The pigeon would experience frustration and go to sleep. 
C) The pigeon would eventually peck the button and access the food, but never try to do this again. 
D) The pigeon would eventually peck the button and access the food, and each subsequent time, peck the button more quickly than before.

Question 13

The reason fish and tadpoles are born able to swim and robins can sing the song of their species immediately after birth is that lower animals' behavior is

Accepted Answer

A) learned. 
B) instinctive. 
C) acquired through imitation. 
D) acquired through a need for survival. 
A) learned. 
B) instinctive. 
C) acquired through imitation. 
D) acquired through a need for survival.

Question 14

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

A) multi-level conditioning. 
B) reverse conditioning. 
C) higher-order conditioning. 
D) partial reinforcement. 
A) multi-level conditioning. 
B) reverse conditioning. 
C) higher-order conditioning. 
D) partial reinforcement.

Question 15

Kate hated to be sticky. She had a phobia about it. Her therapist put her in a room and covered her with orange juice and Pepsi, and she had to stay there for six hours. This type of therapy is called

Accepted Answer

A) systematic desensitization. 
B) flooding. 
C) extinction therapy. 
D) reverse conditioning. 
A) systematic desensitization. 
B) flooding. 
C) extinction therapy. 
D) reverse conditioning.

Question 16

When a young child saw her older sister receive extra money for helping clean up around the house, it is likely that she experienced

Accepted Answer

A) secondary rewards. 
B) latent learning. 
C) envy. 
D) vicarious reinforcement. 
A) secondary rewards. 
B) latent learning. 
C) envy. 
D) vicarious reinforcement.

Question 17

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to

Accepted Answer

A) extinguish. 
B) be suppressed. 
C) decrease. 
D) increase. 
A) extinguish. 
B) be suppressed. 
C) decrease. 
D) increase.

Question 18

All of the following are elements related to conditioning of fear except

Accepted Answer

A) that once developed, fears are difficult to extinguish. 
B) that fears are easily recognizable stimuli related to survival. 
C) that fears are primarily learned through observing others. 
D) fears are controlled by a specific neural circuit that has been shaped by evolution. 
A) that once developed, fears are difficult to extinguish. 
B) that fears are easily recognizable stimuli related to survival. 
C) that fears are primarily learned through observing others. 
D) fears are controlled by a specific neural circuit that has been shaped by evolution.

Question 19

The "cognitive factor" in learning refers to

Accepted Answer

A) unobservable mental events. 
B) observable mental events. 
C) observable behaviors that are connected to thinking. 
D) observable behavior. 
A) unobservable mental events. 
B) observable mental events. 
C) observable behaviors that are connected to thinking. 
D) observable behavior.

Question 20

Anything that increases the probability of a response is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement. 
B) punishment. 
C) operant. 
D) shaper. 
A) reinforcement. 
B) punishment. 
C) operant. 
D) shaper.

Positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as ______________ is to decreasing behavior.

Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus. Jumping through a fiery hoop is one of the acts. At the onset of this training, Carl reinforced the dogs for each movement toward the hoop. Eventually, they were reinforced as they neared the hoop. This is an example of

The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that

Describe, with examples, the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement.

Explain the two operant conditioning methods that can be used to decrease a child's temper tantrums.

This psychologist used cats in puzzle boxes to develop his understanding of behavior.

Gambling is a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement.

A variable-interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to because they are on a schedule of reinforcement.

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement will later find food at the end of the maze faster than a rat that has never seen the maze. According to Tolman, the experienced rat can do this because

The reason fish and tadpoles are born able to swim and robins can sing the song of their species immediately after birth is that lower animals' behavior is

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus is called

Kate hated to be sticky. She had a phobia about it. Her therapist put her in a room and covered her with orange juice and Pepsi, and she had to stay there for six hours. This type of therapy is called

When a young child saw her older sister receive extra money for helping clean up around the house, it is likely that she experienced

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to

All of the following are elements related to conditioning of fear except

The "cognitive factor" in learning refers to

Anything that increases the probability of a response is called a(n)

What Is Psychology

Biology and Psychology

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Memory: Remembrance of Things Past-And Future

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

The Voyage Through the Life Span

Personality: Theory and Measurement

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Methods of Therapy

Social Psychology

Psychology and Human Behavior

Psychology and Personality

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Exam 5: Learning

Positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as ______________ is to decreasing behavior.

Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus. Jumping through a fiery hoop is one of the acts. At the onset of this training, Carl reinforced the dogs for each movement toward the hoop. Eventually, they were reinforced as they neared the hoop. This is an example of

The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that

Describe, with examples, the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement.

Explain the two operant conditioning methods that can be used to decrease a child's temper tantrums.

This psychologist used cats in puzzle boxes to develop his understanding of behavior.

Gambling is a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement.

A variable-interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to __________ because they are on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement will later find food at the end of the maze faster than a rat that has never seen the maze. According to Tolman, the experienced rat can do this because

The reason fish and tadpoles are born able to swim and robins can sing the song of their species immediately after birth is that lower animals' behavior is

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus is called

Kate hated to be sticky. She had a phobia about it. Her therapist put her in a room and covered her with orange juice and Pepsi, and she had to stay there for six hours. This type of therapy is called

When a young child saw her older sister receive extra money for helping clean up around the house, it is likely that she experienced

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to

All of the following are elements related to conditioning of fear except

The "cognitive factor" in learning refers to

Anything that increases the probability of a response is called a(n)

What Is Psychology

Biology and Psychology

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Memory: Remembrance of Things Past-And Future

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

The Voyage Through the Life Span

Personality: Theory and Measurement

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Methods of Therapy

Social Psychology

Psychology and Human Behavior

Psychology and Personality

Filters

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to because they are on a schedule of reinforcement.