Question 1

Administration of a medication in the elderly can result in a much higher dosage than the clinician might intend because

Accepted Answer

A) the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high. 
B) the kidneys of the elderly do not work well. 
C) the aged have less water content in the body. 
D) other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug. 
A) the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high. 
B) the kidneys of the elderly do not work well. 
C) the aged have less water content in the body. 
D) other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug. C

Question 2

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

Accepted Answer

A) chronic respiratory acidosis. 
B) chronic respiratory alkalosis. 
C) acute respiratory acidosis. 
D) chronic metabolic acidosis. 
A) chronic respiratory acidosis. 
B) chronic respiratory alkalosis. 
C) acute respiratory acidosis. 
D) chronic metabolic acidosis. A

Question 3

Severe kidney damage,such as glomerulonephritis,often leads to

Accepted Answer

A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis. 
C) metabolic acidosis. 
D) metabolic alkalosis. 
A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis. 
C) metabolic acidosis. 
D) metabolic alkalosis. C

Question 4

All of the following are components of ECF except

Accepted Answer

A) cerebrospinal fluid. 
B) peritoneal fluid. 
C) lymph. 
D) aqueous humor. 
E) RBCs. 
A) cerebrospinal fluid. 
B) peritoneal fluid. 
C) lymph. 
D) aqueous humor. 
E) RBCs.

Question 5

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

Accepted Answer

A) intracellular 
B) intercellular 
C) extracellular 
D) interstitial 
E) vital 
A) intracellular 
B) intercellular 
C) extracellular 
D) interstitial 
E) vital

Question 6

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

Accepted Answer

A) veins. 
B) muscles. 
C) tissues. 
D) capillaries. 
E) arteries. 
A) veins. 
B) muscles. 
C) tissues. 
D) capillaries. 
E) arteries.

Question 7

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

Accepted Answer

A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis. 
C) metabolic acidosis. 
D) metabolic alkalosis. 
A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis. 
C) metabolic acidosis. 
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 8

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

Accepted Answer

A) ADH 
B) aldosterone 
C) BNP 
D) ANP 
E) epinephrine 
A) ADH 
B) aldosterone 
C) BNP 
D) ANP 
E) epinephrine

Question 9

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

Accepted Answer

A) sweating. 
B) the kidneys. 
C) the liver. 
D) the feces. 
E) buffers. 
A) sweating. 
B) the kidneys. 
C) the liver. 
D) the feces. 
E) buffers.

Question 10

The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are

Accepted Answer

A) potassium,chloride,and bicarbonate. 
B) sodium,potassium,and bicarbonate. 
C) sodium,potassium,and calcium. 
D) potassium,hydrogen,and chloride. 
E) proteins,potassium,and phosphate. 
A) potassium,chloride,and bicarbonate. 
B) sodium,potassium,and bicarbonate. 
C) sodium,potassium,and calcium. 
D) potassium,hydrogen,and chloride. 
E) proteins,potassium,and phosphate.

Question 11

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)to settle an upset stomach risks

Accepted Answer

A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis. 
C) metabolic acidosis. 
D) metabolic alkalosis. 
A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis. 
C) metabolic acidosis. 
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 12

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) electrolyte. 
B) acid. 
C) alkali. 
D) compensation. 
E) buffer. 
A) electrolyte. 
B) acid. 
C) alkali. 
D) compensation. 
E) buffer.

Question 13

Antidiuretic hormone

Accepted Answer

A) is released from the posterior pituitary gland. 
B) stimulates water intake. 
C) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. 
D) is produced by the hypothalamus. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) is released from the posterior pituitary gland. 
B) stimulates water intake. 
C) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. 
D) is produced by the hypothalamus. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example,in fever or mental illness) 
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting 
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example,due to COP
D)  
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example,in ischemic conditions) 
A) consequence of hyperventilation (for example,in fever or mental illness) 
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting 
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example,due to COP
D)  
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example,in ischemic conditions)

Question 15

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.

Accepted Answer

A) water 
B) sodium 
C) bicarbonate ion 
D) hydrogen ion 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) water 
B) sodium 
C) bicarbonate ion 
D) hydrogen ion 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of

Accepted Answer

A) oxygen. 
B) hemoglobin. 
C) carbon monoxide. 
D) sodium. 
E) carbon dioxide. 
A) oxygen. 
B) hemoglobin. 
C) carbon monoxide. 
D) sodium. 
E) carbon dioxide.

Question 17

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life.List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

Accepted Answer

Three types of homeostasis are involved:

Question 18

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

Accepted Answer

A) sodium. 
B) potassium. 
C) calcium. 
D) magnesium. 
E) chloride. 
A) sodium. 
B) potassium. 
C) calcium. 
D) magnesium. 
E) chloride.

Question 19

A ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

Accepted Answer

A) buffer 
B) strong base 
C) strong acid 
D) cation 
E) weak base 
A) buffer 
B) strong base 
C) strong acid 
D) cation 
E) weak base

Question 20

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

Accepted Answer

A) buffer stomach acid. 
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. 
C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. 
D) buffer the urine. 
E) increase ventilation. 
A) buffer stomach acid. 
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. 
C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. 
D) buffer the urine. 
E) increase ventilation.

Exam 27: Fluid, electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Administration of a medication in the elderly can result in a much higher dosage than the clinician might intend because

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

Severe kidney damage,such as glomerulonephritis,often leads to

All of the following are components of ECF except

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)to settle an upset stomach risks

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

Antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life.List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

A ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

The Chemical Level of Organization

The Cellular Level of Organization

The Tissue Level of Organization

The Integumentary System

Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure

The Axial Skeleton

The Appendicular Skeleton

Joints

Muscle Tissue

The Muscular System

Neural Tissue

The Spinal Cord, spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes

The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions

The Special Senses

The Endocrine System

Blood

The Heart

Blood Vessels and Circulation

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energetics

The Urinary System

The Reproductive System

Development and Inheritance

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