Question 1

Which of the following is true about the Golgi tendon organ (GTO)?

Accepted Answer

A) Maximum GTO activation occurs before maximum voluntary contraction. 
B) GTO inhibition of the agonist alpha motor neuron causes immediate muscle relaxation via the GTO reflex. 
C) Effectiveness of the contract-relax technique for stretching is dependent on GTO input. 
D) GTO conveys information via a type IIa afferent to the spinal cord. 
E) All of the above are true statements. 
A) Maximum GTO activation occurs before maximum voluntary contraction. 
B) GTO inhibition of the agonist alpha motor neuron causes immediate muscle relaxation via the GTO reflex. 
C) Effectiveness of the contract-relax technique for stretching is dependent on GTO input. 
D) GTO conveys information via a type IIa afferent to the spinal cord. 
E) All of the above are true statements. B

Question 2

Which one of the following proteins is NOT involved in the active process of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A) Myosin 
B) Actin 
C) Tropomyosin 
D) Troponin 
E) Titin 
A) Myosin 
B) Actin 
C) Tropomyosin 
D) Troponin 
E) Titin E

Question 3

Continuous prolonged immobilization of skeletal muscle in a shortened position results in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased muscle tone from hyperactive reflexes 
B) Contracture from loss of sarcomeres 
C) Increased tensile strength from the addition of titin 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Increased muscle tone from hyperactive reflexes 
B) Contracture from loss of sarcomeres 
C) Increased tensile strength from the addition of titin 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C B

Question 4

In an individual with paraparesis secondary to an incomplete spinal cord lesion,the increase in Achilles tendon tension during gait coincides with the stretch of the triceps surae during passive dorsiflexion of the foot in the stance phase.The increase in Achilles tendon tension is not correlated with an increase in EMG.What causes the abnormal muscle resistance to stretch?

Accepted Answer

A) Spasticity 
B) Contracture 
C) Cocontraction 
D) Hyperreflexia 
E) Atrophy 
A) Spasticity 
B) Contracture 
C) Cocontraction 
D) Hyperreflexia 
E) Atrophy

Question 5

Decorticate rigidity occurs with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Lesions of the medulla 
B) Vascular lesions of the anterior choroidal artery 
C) Lesions superior to the midbrain 
D) Lesions to the cerebellar lobes 
E) All of the above 
A) Lesions of the medulla 
B) Vascular lesions of the anterior choroidal artery 
C) Lesions superior to the midbrain 
D) Lesions to the cerebellar lobes 
E) All of the above

Question 6

What is the purpose of alpha-gamma coactivation?

Accepted Answer

A) Prevents simultaneous activation of fast twitch and slow twitch muscles. 
B) Coordinates reciprocal reflex innervation. 
C) Coordinates the actions of the basal ganglia and cerebellum. 
D) Maintain muscle spindle sensitivity when extrafusal muscle fibers contract. 
E) Prevents contraction of an antagonist muscle when the agonist is contracting. 
A) Prevents simultaneous activation of fast twitch and slow twitch muscles. 
B) Coordinates reciprocal reflex innervation. 
C) Coordinates the actions of the basal ganglia and cerebellum. 
D) Maintain muscle spindle sensitivity when extrafusal muscle fibers contract. 
E) Prevents contraction of an antagonist muscle when the agonist is contracting.

Question 7

What is the mechanism by which onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX)decreases muscle activation?

Accepted Answer

A) Blocks the binding of acetylcholine (ACh)to the motor end plate. 
B) Inhibits the binding of myosin to active sites on actin. 
C) Blocks the release of Ca⁺² from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
D) Inhibits the release of ACh from the presynaptic terminal. 
E) None of the above occurs. 
A) Blocks the binding of acetylcholine (ACh)to the motor end plate. 
B) Inhibits the binding of myosin to active sites on actin. 
C) Blocks the release of Ca⁺² from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
D) Inhibits the release of ACh from the presynaptic terminal. 
E) None of the above occurs.

Question 8

Myoplasticity results from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Contracture 
B) Increased weak actin-myosin binding 
C) Spasticity 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Contracture 
B) Increased weak actin-myosin binding 
C) Spasticity 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 9

Clonus is characterized by which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Involuntary,repetitive,and rhythmic muscle contractions in response to muscle stretch 
B) Decrease in resistance to passive stretch of a hypertonic muscle 
C) Excessive resistance to both passive and active muscle stretch 
D) Prolonged contraction of antigravity muscles 
E) Brief,involuntary contraction of a single muscle fiber 
A) Involuntary,repetitive,and rhythmic muscle contractions in response to muscle stretch 
B) Decrease in resistance to passive stretch of a hypertonic muscle 
C) Excessive resistance to both passive and active muscle stretch 
D) Prolonged contraction of antigravity muscles 
E) Brief,involuntary contraction of a single muscle fiber

Question 10

If the lower motor neurons to a muscle are destroyed,which of the following signs affects the denervated muscles?

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of reflexes 
B) Atrophy 
C) Muscle hyperstiffness 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Loss of reflexes 
B) Atrophy 
C) Muscle hyperstiffness 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 11

Reciprocal inhibition produces inhibition of the alpha motor neurons to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Agonist muscle 
B) Agonist muscle and its synergists 
C) Antagonist muscle 
D) Agonist muscle,its synergists,and its antagonists 
E) Homologous muscles in the opposite limb 
A) Agonist muscle 
B) Agonist muscle and its synergists 
C) Antagonist muscle 
D) Agonist muscle,its synergists,and its antagonists 
E) Homologous muscles in the opposite limb

Question 12

After lower neuron motor denervation caused by poliomyelitis,how does recovery of some muscle strength occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Cell division of surviving motor neurons produces new motor neurons. 
B) Loss of interneuronal inhibition causes hyperreflexia. 
C) Axonal sprouting of surviving neurons innervates muscle fibers. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Cell division of surviving motor neurons produces new motor neurons. 
B) Loss of interneuronal inhibition causes hyperreflexia. 
C) Axonal sprouting of surviving neurons innervates muscle fibers. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 13

Which one of the following produces weak actin-myosin bonding?

Accepted Answer

A) Active muscle contraction 
B) Muscle immobility 
C) Physiologic contracture 
D) Active contraction in lengthened muscles 
E) Reflexive muscle contraction 
A) Active muscle contraction 
B) Muscle immobility 
C) Physiologic contracture 
D) Active contraction in lengthened muscles 
E) Reflexive muscle contraction

Question 14

Myoclonus is:

Accepted Answer

A) Severe and painful muscle spasms 
B) Quick twitches of a single motor unit 
C) Brief involuntary contractions of a muscle or group of muscles 
D) Persistent muscle twitching after spinal or cerebral shock 
E) None of the above 
A) Severe and painful muscle spasms 
B) Quick twitches of a single motor unit 
C) Brief involuntary contractions of a muscle or group of muscles 
D) Persistent muscle twitching after spinal or cerebral shock 
E) None of the above

Question 15

Which one of the following major factors limits movement in individuals who have had a stroke?

Accepted Answer

A) Paresis caused by decreased agonist activation 
B) Loss of ability to fractionate movement 
C) Abnormal timing of muscle activation 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Paresis caused by decreased agonist activation 
B) Loss of ability to fractionate movement 
C) Abnormal timing of muscle activation 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 16

Which one of the following involuntary muscle contractions is always abnormal?

Accepted Answer

A) Muscle spasms 
B) Cramps 
C) Fasciculations 
D) Fibrillations 
E) All of the above 
A) Muscle spasms 
B) Cramps 
C) Fasciculations 
D) Fibrillations 
E) All of the above

Question 17

Abnormal cutaneous reflexes that occur after an upper motor neuron lesion include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Emergence of Babinski's sign 
B) Muscle spasms in response to normally innocuous stimuli 
C) Paresthesias 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Emergence of Babinski's sign 
B) Muscle spasms in response to normally innocuous stimuli 
C) Paresthesias 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 18

The term phasic stretch reflex is synonymous with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Myotatic reflex 
B) Muscle stretch reflex 
C) Deep tendon reflex 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Myotatic reflex 
B) Muscle stretch reflex 
C) Deep tendon reflex 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 19

Which of the following statements about fast twitch muscle fibers is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The neuron innervating the muscle determines twitch characteristics. 
B) Alpha motor neurons having large-diameter axons innervate fast twitch muscle fibers. 
C) Using a long train of repetitive contractions identifies twitch characteristics. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) The neuron innervating the muscle determines twitch characteristics. 
B) Alpha motor neurons having large-diameter axons innervate fast twitch muscle fibers. 
C) Using a long train of repetitive contractions identifies twitch characteristics. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 20

Which of the following contributes to the spinal control of walking?

Accepted Answer

A) Afferent input from muscle spindles and GTOs 
B) Adaptable networks of interneurons that modulate lower motor neuron firing patterns 
C) Reciprocal signals crossing the dorsal columns and commissure of the spinal cord 
D) All of the above 
A) Afferent input from muscle spindles and GTOs 
B) Adaptable networks of interneurons that modulate lower motor neuron firing patterns 
C) Reciprocal signals crossing the dorsal columns and commissure of the spinal cord 
D) All of the above

Which of the following is true about the Golgi tendon organ (GTO)?

Which one of the following proteins is NOT involved in the active process of muscle contraction?

Continuous prolonged immobilization of skeletal muscle in a shortened position results in which of the following?

Decorticate rigidity occurs with which of the following?

What is the purpose of alpha-gamma coactivation?

What is the mechanism by which onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX)decreases muscle activation?

Myoplasticity results from which of the following?

Clonus is characterized by which one of the following?

If the lower motor neurons to a muscle are destroyed,which of the following signs affects the denervated muscles?

Reciprocal inhibition produces inhibition of the alpha motor neurons to which of the following?

After lower neuron motor denervation caused by poliomyelitis,how does recovery of some muscle strength occur?

Which one of the following produces weak actin-myosin bonding?

Myoclonus is:

Which one of the following major factors limits movement in individuals who have had a stroke?

Which one of the following involuntary muscle contractions is always abnormal?

Abnormal cutaneous reflexes that occur after an upper motor neuron lesion include which of the following?

The term phasic stretch reflex is synonymous with which of the following?

Which of the following statements about fast twitch muscle fibers is true?

Which of the following contributes to the spinal control of walking?

Introduction to Neuroscience

Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System

Synapses and Synaptic Transmission

Neuroplasticity

Development of the Nervous System

Somatosensory System

Somatosensation: Clinical Application

Neuropathic Pain, pain Matrix Dysfunction, and Pain Syndromes

Autonomic Nervous System

Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, and Movement

Peripheral Nervous System

Spinal Region

Cranial Nerves

Brainstem Region

Vestibular and Visual Systems

Cerebrum

Cerebrum: Clinical Applications

Support Systems: Blood Supply and Cerebrospinal Fluid System

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Exam 10: The Motor System: Motor Neurons

Which of the following is true about the Golgi tendon organ (GTO)?

Which one of the following proteins is NOT involved in the active process of muscle contraction?

Continuous prolonged immobilization of skeletal muscle in a shortened position results in which of the following?

Decorticate rigidity occurs with which of the following?

What is the purpose of alpha-gamma coactivation?

What is the mechanism by which onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX)decreases muscle activation?

Myoplasticity results from which of the following?

Clonus is characterized by which one of the following?

If the lower motor neurons to a muscle are destroyed,which of the following signs affects the denervated muscles?

Reciprocal inhibition produces inhibition of the alpha motor neurons to which of the following?

After lower neuron motor denervation caused by poliomyelitis,how does recovery of some muscle strength occur?

Which one of the following produces weak actin-myosin bonding?

Myoclonus is:

Which one of the following major factors limits movement in individuals who have had a stroke?

Which one of the following involuntary muscle contractions is always abnormal?

Abnormal cutaneous reflexes that occur after an upper motor neuron lesion include which of the following?

The term phasic stretch reflex is synonymous with which of the following?

Which of the following statements about fast twitch muscle fibers is true?

Which of the following contributes to the spinal control of walking?

Introduction to Neuroscience

Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System

Synapses and Synaptic Transmission

Neuroplasticity

Development of the Nervous System

Somatosensory System

Somatosensation: Clinical Application

Neuropathic Pain, pain Matrix Dysfunction, and Pain Syndromes

Autonomic Nervous System

Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, and Movement

Peripheral Nervous System

Spinal Region

Cranial Nerves

Brainstem Region

Vestibular and Visual Systems

Cerebrum

Cerebrum: Clinical Applications

Support Systems: Blood Supply and Cerebrospinal Fluid System

Filters