Exam 3: Three Claims, four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

For the following three terms,create a measured operational definition for each: academic success,attention,and social anxiety.

Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline?

Which of the following allow us to make better predictions using association claims?

Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study?

Name the three types of claims.Explain the difference between claims.

Name the four validities used to interrogate claims.If you were to question a study's four validities,provide a question you might ask related to each validity.

From a Slate.com article entitled "Psych-Out Sexism: The Innocent,Unconscious Bias That Discourages Girls from Math and Science," published on March 1,2011. Stout,Dasgupta,and their colleagues wanted to find out why women's outstanding performance on science and math tests in high school and college correlates so weakly with their eventual interest in pursuing careers in those fields.In high school and college,girls increasingly earn math and science grades equal to or better than the grades of their male peers.But when it comes to choosing a career in math or science,more men than women decide to walk through those open doors. The psychologists asked female students studying biology,chemistry,and engineering to take a very tough math test.All the students were greeted by a senior math major who wore a T-shirt displaying Einstein's E = mc² equation.For some volunteers,the math major was male.For others,the math major was female.This tiny tweak made a difference: Women attempted more questions on the tough math test (comprising 10 questions)when they were greeted by a female math major rather than a male math major. -In the study described above,name the variables and indicate the levels of each.

Consider two variables: income and relationship satisfaction.Describe the three types of associations assuming these two variables.

You read an article stating that Facebook is related to unhappiness.In the study,a group of high school students were asked how many times a day they checked their Facebook pages and how happy they were.In discussing this article with your friend Matt,he exclaims,"I knew it! I have always said that being on Facebook is the cause of all my unhappiness!" -Using the three criteria for evaluating causal claims,discuss the reasons your friend Matt is correct or incorrect in his interpretation of the study.

A Type I error is known as which of the following?

Dr.Kang,a cognitive psychologist,conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory.He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university.He puts the names of all the participants in a hat.The first 20 names he assigns to Group A,and the last 20 he assigns to Group B.Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g. ,passion,murder).Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g. ,houseplant,desk).He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university.He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. -Dr.Kang can make a causal claim that "emotion enhances memory" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Which of the following is NOT true of variables?

An independent variable is one that:

Explain how you could convert the study described above into an experiment.

Dr.Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses,study says." Dr.LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." -Which of the following statements is true of Dr.Ramon's and Dr.LaSalle's claims?

Dr.Kang,a cognitive psychologist,conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory.He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university.He puts the names of all the participants in a hat.The first 20 names he assigns to Group A,and the last 20 he assigns to Group B.Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g. ,passion,murder).Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g. ,houseplant,desk).He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university.He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. -Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr.Kang's study?

Dr.Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses,study says." Dr.LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." -Which type of claim is Dr.Ramon making?

Which of the following is an association claim?

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim,you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities?

In this study,the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions)participants tried to solve.This is an example of which of the following?