Question 1

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association,which of the following must also be true?

Accepted Answer

A) The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. 
B) The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. 
C) The third variable must be a categorical variable. 
D) The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association. 
A) The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. 
B) The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. 
C) The third variable must be a categorical variable. 
D) The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association. A

Question 2

Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month,the number of nightmares experienced in the past month,and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability,anxiety,and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males,25 females).Below are her findings.
-A-number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03,not sig.
-B-number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month:
r = -.14 (p = .05)
-C-number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)

-Imagine that Dr.Moynihan finds two outliers.These two people report a very high number of nightmares in the past month and have very high scores on neuroticism.Why should Dr.Moynihan be worried about the presence of these two outliers?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that Dr.Moynihan should be worried about the presence of outliers because they may be affecting the association between these two variables.In this case,it is possible that these two scores are causing there to be a significant relationship when there is none.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of moderators?

Accepted Answer

A) They help establish a cause and effect relationship. 
B) They decrease effect size. 
C) They can inform external validity. 
D) They weaken statistical significance. 
A) They help establish a cause and effect relationship. 
B) They decrease effect size. 
C) They can inform external validity. 
D) They weaken statistical significance. C

Question 4

Dr.Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis,Tennessee,area in the southern United States.Below are her findings.
-Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01)
-Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09,not sig.
-Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04)

-Dr.Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women.Why might Dr.Oswald have looked for this difference?

Accepted Answer

A) To examine her study's external validity 
B) To examine her study's internal validity 
C) To determine whether the association was curvilinear 
D) To determine whether the association was spurious 
A) To examine her study's external validity 
B) To examine her study's internal validity 
C) To determine whether the association was curvilinear 
D) To determine whether the association was spurious

Question 5

Dr.Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis,Tennessee,area in the southern United States.Below are her findings.
-Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01)
-Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09,not sig.
-Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04)

-Dr.Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal.If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study,which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr.Oswald's study to consider?

Accepted Answer

A) The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants 
B) The number of people in the sample 
C) The use of three measured variables 
D) The number of significant findings 
A) The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants 
B) The number of people in the sample 
C) The use of three measured variables 
D) The number of significant findings

Question 6

Dr.Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis,Tennessee,area in the southern United States.Below are her findings.
-Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01)
-Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09,not sig.
-Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04)

-According to the benchmarks established by Cohen,what type of effect size has Dr.Oswald found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction?

Accepted Answer

A) Very small 
B) Small 
C) Medium 
D) Large 
A) Very small 
B) Small 
C) Medium 
D) Large

Question 7

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling,which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The association should be rejected as inconclusive. 
B) The study must be done again using the same participants. 
C) The effect size should be considered,but tests of statistical significance should not. 
D) The findings should be replicated in another population. 
A) The association should be rejected as inconclusive. 
B) The study must be done again using the same participants. 
C) The effect size should be considered,but tests of statistical significance should not. 
D) The findings should be replicated in another population.

Question 8

Dr.Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month,the number of nightmares experienced in the past month,and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability,anxiety,and worry).She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males,25 females).Below are her findings.
-A-number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03,not sig.
-B-number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month:
r = -.14 (p = .05)
-C-number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)

-Of the three findings in Dr.Moynihan's study,which finding has the largest effect size? Name two things that having a large effect size means.

Accepted Answer

Students should state that the finding t

Question 9

Name two ways in which the analysis of an association between two quantitative variables differs from the analysis of an association between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable.

Accepted Answer

Students should state that a scatterplot

Question 10

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made?

Accepted Answer

A) The graph used to interpret the results 
B) The fact that the two variables are measured 
C) The statistic used to interpret the results 
D) The validities that can be established 
A) The graph used to interpret the results 
B) The fact that the two variables are measured 
C) The statistic used to interpret the results 
D) The validities that can be established

Question 11

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

Accepted Answer

A) A scatterplot 
B) A line graph 
C) A bar graph 
D) A pie chart 
A) A scatterplot 
B) A line graph 
C) A bar graph 
D) A pie chart

Question 12

Dr.Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis,Tennessee,area in the southern United States.Below are her findings.
-Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01)
-Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09,not sig.
-Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04)

-Dr.Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.In doing so,she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot.Specifically,it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A) These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. 
B) These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. 
C) These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables. 
D) These scores may be considered outliers. 
A) These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. 
B) These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. 
C) These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables. 
D) These scores may be considered outliers.

Question 13

Dr.Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis,Tennessee,area in the southern United States.Below are her findings.
-Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01)
-Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09,not sig.
-Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04)

-Dr.Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.In doing so,she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot.Specifically,it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction.Dr.Oswald should probably consider these scores ________.

Accepted Answer

A) Random 
B) Moderators 
C) Outliers 
D) Curvilinear scores 
A) Random 
B) Moderators 
C) Outliers 
D) Curvilinear scores

Question 14

What does it mean that an association is "spurious"? What can cause spurious associations?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that an associatio

Question 15

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

Accepted Answer

A) The study can be applied to the real world 
B) Martin used a larger number of subjects 
C) Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately 
D) Martin's measure of caffeine consumption is categorical 
A) The study can be applied to the real world 
B) Martin used a larger number of subjects 
C) Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately 
D) Martin's measure of caffeine consumption is categorical

Question 16

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Accepted Answer

A) Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious. 
B) Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. 
C) Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. 
D) Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable. 
A) Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious. 
B) Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. 
C) Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. 
D) Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable.

Question 17

Why is the size of a sample not as important to external validity as the way a sample was collected?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that although larg

Question 18

If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables,this is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A) Spurious data 
B) An outlier effect 
C) Restriction of range 
D) Null effect 
A) Spurious data 
B) An outlier effect 
C) Restriction of range 
D) Null effect

Question 19

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Accepted Answer

A) Because curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores 
B) Because r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data 
C) Because r always assumes a zero association 
D) Because r always assumes a negative relationship 
A) Because curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores 
B) Because r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data 
C) Because r always assumes a zero association 
D) Because r always assumes a negative relationship

Question 20

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative,which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

Accepted Answer

A) A t test 
B) A correlation 
C) A scatterplot 
D) A bar graph 
A) A t test 
B) A correlation 
C) A scatterplot 
D) A bar graph

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association,which of the following must also be true?

Which of the following is true of moderators?

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling,which of the following statements is true?

Name two ways in which the analysis of an association between two quantitative variables differs from the analysis of an association between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable.

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made?

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

What does it mean that an association is "spurious"? What can cause spurious associations?

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Why is the size of a sample not as important to external validity as the way a sample was collected?

If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables,this is known as ________.

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative,which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Evaluating, finding, and Reading Information

Three Claims, four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability, generalization, and the Real World

Filters

Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association,which of the following must also be true?

Which of the following is true of moderators?

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling,which of the following statements is true?

Name two ways in which the analysis of an association between two quantitative variables differs from the analysis of an association between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable.

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made?

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

What does it mean that an association is "spurious"? What can cause spurious associations?

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Why is the size of a sample not as important to external validity as the way a sample was collected?

If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables,this is known as ________.

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative,which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Evaluating, finding, and Reading Information

Three Claims, four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability, generalization, and the Real World

Filters