Exam 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

Figure 4-5 Use the accompanying diagram to answer the corresponding questions. -Which number in the figure represents an open voltage-gated potassium channel?

What paracrine is released from a specific type of connective tissue cell during an inflammatory response?

How many types of extracellular chemical messengers or signal molecules are used for indirect cell communication in the body?

As the triggering event gets stronger,what type of gated channels open up more frequently or for longer duration?

The socially abused drug ____________________ blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine at presynaptic terminals.

Tyrosine kinase is a key participant in two different signaling pathways: the tyrosine kinase pathway and the ____________________ pathway.

The enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)initiates a pathway leading to formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

____________________are local chemical messengers whose effect is exerted only on neighboring cells in the immediate environment of their site of secretion.

What neurotransmitter is made from tryptophan?

​What extensions project like antennae away from the nerve's cell body and conduct signals towards the body?

Eicosanoids typically act locally as paracrines,but some travel in the blood,similar to hormones,to distant target cells to produce systemic responses.

Tetanus toxin prevents release of serotonin from inhibitory presynaptic inputs terminating at neurons that supply skeletal muscles.

Describe how lipophilic hormones are transported.

An example of a messenger that acts as a neurotransmitter when released from a nerve ending or a hormone when secreted by an endocrine cell is ____________________.

Figure 4-5 Use the accompanying diagram to answer the corresponding questions. -Which number in the figure represents a closed,but capable of opening,voltage-gated sodium channel?

Neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft.

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons is called the synaptic knob.

Steroids are neutral lipids derived from ____________________.

Hydrophilic hormones are highly water soluble and have low lipid solubility.

Hormones are long-range chemical messengers specifically secreted into the blood by endocrine glands in response to an appropriate signal.