Exam 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

Outline the main similarities and differences between the nervous and endocrine systems.

The stronger the triggering event,the larger the resultant graded potential.

____________________ gated channels respond to stretching or other mechanical deformation.

What property do insulators demonstrate that greatly hinders movement of electrical charge?

What substance is secreted by electrical synapses between neurons in the brain?

Myelin forming cells in the peripheral nervous system are called ____________________ cells.

____________________ conduction involves the spread of the action potential along every patch of membrane down the length of the axon.

Where do hydrophilic peptide hormones dissolve?

Several mechanisms can remove the neurotransmitter,such as being inactivated by specific enzymes within the sub-synaptic membrane.

Peptides are synthesized in the cytosol of cells.

Electrical synapses are more common than chemical synapses in the human nervous system.

Following the absolute refractory period is a relative refractory period,during which a second action potential can be produced only by a triggering event considerably stronger than usual.

In addition to neuromodulation,another means of depressing or enhancing synaptic effectiveness is presynaptic ____________________ or ____________________.

What term refers to any enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a particular intracellular protein?

Neurons are saved from oscillating action potentials by the ____________________ period.

What are the chemical messengers for the nervous system?

All lipophilic hormones bind with intracellular receptors and primarily produce effects in their target cells by activating specific genes that cause the synthesis of new proteins.

In general terms,what sort of distance do graded potentials die out over?

What is the largest type of neuromodulator?

Hormones fall into two chemical groups based on their solubility: ____.