Question 1

In gram-positive bacteria,this is substantially thicker and more multilayered than in gram-negative bacteria.

Accepted Answer

A)  Lipopolysaccharide 
B)  Phospholipid 
C)  Peptidoglycan 
D)  Cholesterol 
A)  Lipopolysaccharide 
B)  Phospholipid 
C)  Peptidoglycan 
D)  Cholesterol C

Question 2

The members of the macrolide class of antibiotics include all the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Rifamycin 
B)  Erythromycin 
C)  Clarithromycin 
D)  Azithromycin 
A)  Rifamycin 
B)  Erythromycin 
C)  Clarithromycin 
D)  Azithromycin A

Question 3

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have an inner cytoplasmic membrane that is composed of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Nucleotides 
B)  Phospholipids and proteins 
C)  Cholesterol and carbohydrates 
D)  Lipopolysaccharides 
A)  Nucleotides 
B)  Phospholipids and proteins 
C)  Cholesterol and carbohydrates 
D)  Lipopolysaccharides B

Question 4

Plasmids are:

Accepted Answer

A)  Circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another 
C)  Genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition 
A)  Circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another 
C)  Genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition

Question 5

All of the following are recently approved classes of antibiotics that target protein synthesis EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Sixth generation cephalosporins 
B)  Oxazolidinones 
C)  Streptogramin 
D)  Glycylcycline 
A)  Sixth generation cephalosporins 
B)  Oxazolidinones 
C)  Streptogramin 
D)  Glycylcycline

Question 6

These antibiotics are cationic carbohydrate-containing molecules,and their positive charge provides the basis for their interaction with the 30S ribosomal subunit.What class of antibiotic are these?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sulfamethoxazole 
B)  Trimethoprim 
C)  Aminoglycosides 
D)  Peptidoglycans 
A)  Sulfamethoxazole 
B)  Trimethoprim 
C)  Aminoglycosides 
D)  Peptidoglycans

Question 7

Intrinsic mechanisms of resistance are:

Accepted Answer

A)  Those that inhibit protein synthesis and RNA transcription 
B)  Those that a bacterium acquires through plasmids 
C)  Also called inducible enzymes 
D)  Innate characteristics of the bacterium and transmitted to progeny vertically 
A)  Those that inhibit protein synthesis and RNA transcription 
B)  Those that a bacterium acquires through plasmids 
C)  Also called inducible enzymes 
D)  Innate characteristics of the bacterium and transmitted to progeny vertically

Question 8

Antibiotics work by targeting all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA replication 
B)  Bacterial plasmid DNA 
C)  Bacterial cell wall 
D)  RNA transcription 
A)  DNA replication 
B)  Bacterial plasmid DNA 
C)  Bacterial cell wall 
D)  RNA transcription

Question 9

Transposons are:

Accepted Answer

A)  Circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another 
C)  Genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition 
A)  Circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division 
B)  DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another 
C)  Genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase 
D)  DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition

Question 10

This type of pathogen,showing decreases or loss of porin synthesis,is observed in combination with other resistance mechanisms,resulting in multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Accepted Answer

A)  Nosocomial 
B)  Community-acquired 
C)  Emerging 
D)  Gram negative 
A)  Nosocomial 
B)  Community-acquired 
C)  Emerging 
D)  Gram negative

Question 11

This antibiotic interferes with DNA transcription by blocking of RNA chain elongation.

Accepted Answer

A)  Rifampin 
B)  Quinolone 
C)  Trimethoprim 
D)  Glycopeptide 
A)  Rifampin 
B)  Quinolone 
C)  Trimethoprim 
D)  Glycopeptide

Question 12

This type of resistance mechanism modifies the antibiotic targets and results in reduced affinity of antibiotics for their microbial targets.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cell-wall inhibition 
B)  Protein synthesis modification 
C)  Enzyme alteration 
D)  Frameshift mutation 
A)  Cell-wall inhibition 
B)  Protein synthesis modification 
C)  Enzyme alteration 
D)  Frameshift mutation

Question 13

This antibiotic inhibits folate synthesis,which provides the essential precursor molecule,pyridine thymidylate,needed in DNA synthesis.

Accepted Answer

A)  Vancomycin 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Aminoglycosides 
D)  Sulfamethoxazole 
A)  Vancomycin 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Aminoglycosides 
D)  Sulfamethoxazole

Question 14

A young,healthy patient goes into the hospital for reconstructive knee surgery and spikes a fever the day after surgery.The doctor finds the patient has a nosocomial infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).What antibiotic should the doctor use to treat this patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  Penicillin 
B)  Aminoglycosides 
C)  Macrolides 
D)  Vancomycin 
A)  Penicillin 
B)  Aminoglycosides 
C)  Macrolides 
D)  Vancomycin

Question 15

The members of the polypeptide class of antibiotics include all the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Tetracycline 
B)  Doxycycline 
C)  Minocycline 
D)  Oxycycline 
A)  Tetracycline 
B)  Doxycycline 
C)  Minocycline 
D)  Oxycycline

Question 16

The β-lactams consist of all the following antibiotics EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Vancomycin 
B)  Penicillins 
C)  Cephalosporins 
D)  Carbapenems 
A)  Vancomycin 
B)  Penicillins 
C)  Cephalosporins 
D)  Carbapenems

Question 17

Which of the following public health issues is uniting scientists from across the world to develop strategies to address it?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reclassifying bacteria according to their genomes 
B)  The shortage of low toxicity antifungal drugs 
C)  Antibiotic resistance 
D)  Emerging pathogens 
A)  Reclassifying bacteria according to their genomes 
B)  The shortage of low toxicity antifungal drugs 
C)  Antibiotic resistance 
D)  Emerging pathogens

Question 18

How do the b-lactamase inhibitors work?

Accepted Answer

A)  By structurally rearranging the b-lactamase molecule so that it loses specificity for the b-lactam antibiotic 
B)  By competing with the antibiotic for porin sites on the outer membrane 
C)  By acting as substrates for the b-lactamase and reducing their effect on the antibiotic 
D)  By acting as transport molecules to transport the antibiotic into the bacterial cell 
A)  By structurally rearranging the b-lactamase molecule so that it loses specificity for the b-lactam antibiotic 
B)  By competing with the antibiotic for porin sites on the outer membrane 
C)  By acting as substrates for the b-lactamase and reducing their effect on the antibiotic 
D)  By acting as transport molecules to transport the antibiotic into the bacterial cell

Question 19

A patient undergoes a colon resection.Because of the amount of bacteria present in the colon,the physician put the patient on broad-spectrum antibiotics after surgery.The patient develops a fever 2 days after surgery.He developed an infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).What antibiotics can be used to treat this organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Synercid 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Aminoglycosides 
D)  Erythromycin 
A)  Synercid 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Aminoglycosides 
D)  Erythromycin

Question 20

The primary mechanism of resistance to this antimicrobial class is modification by mutations encoding single amino acid changes in these targets.What antibiotic class is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Macrolides 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Peptidoglycans 
D)  Aminoglycosides 
A)  Macrolides 
B)  Quinolones 
C)  Peptidoglycans 
D)  Aminoglycosides

Exam 12: Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action and Resistance

In gram-positive bacteria,this is substantially thicker and more multilayered than in gram-negative bacteria.

The members of the macrolide class of antibiotics include all the following EXCEPT:

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have an inner cytoplasmic membrane that is composed of:

Plasmids are:

All of the following are recently approved classes of antibiotics that target protein synthesis EXCEPT:

These antibiotics are cationic carbohydrate-containing molecules,and their positive charge provides the basis for their interaction with the 30S ribosomal subunit.What class of antibiotic are these?

Intrinsic mechanisms of resistance are:

Antibiotics work by targeting all of the following EXCEPT:

Transposons are:

This type of pathogen,showing decreases or loss of porin synthesis,is observed in combination with other resistance mechanisms,resulting in multidrug-resistant pathogens.

This antibiotic interferes with DNA transcription by blocking of RNA chain elongation.

This type of resistance mechanism modifies the antibiotic targets and results in reduced affinity of antibiotics for their microbial targets.

This antibiotic inhibits folate synthesis,which provides the essential precursor molecule,pyridine thymidylate,needed in DNA synthesis.

A young,healthy patient goes into the hospital for reconstructive knee surgery and spikes a fever the day after surgery.The doctor finds the patient has a nosocomial infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).What antibiotic should the doctor use to treat this patient?

The members of the polypeptide class of antibiotics include all the following EXCEPT:

The β-lactams consist of all the following antibiotics EXCEPT:

Which of the following public health issues is uniting scientists from across the world to develop strategies to address it?

How do the b-lactamase inhibitors work?

The primary mechanism of resistance to this antimicrobial class is modification by mutations encoding single amino acid changes in these targets.What antibiotic class is this?

Bacterial Cell Structure, physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Host-Parasite Interaction

Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Infected Materials

Use of Colonial Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococci

Streptococcus, enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Neisseria Species and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Haemophilus and Other Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio,aeromonas,plesiomonas and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

Spirochetes

Chlamydia and Rickettsia

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Other Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria

Medically Significant Fungi

Diagnostic Parasitology

Clinical Virology

Agents of Bioterror

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacteremia and Sepsis

Urinary Tract Infections

Genital Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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