Chat with AIExam 3: Genes, Environment, and Development
What might make a physician suspect that the person from whom she has just drawn blood has sickle-cell disease?
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What would be the strongest piece of evidence you could gather to show that genetic factors influence personality?
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe strongest piece of evidence to show that genetic factors influence personality would likely come from a combination of twin studies, family studies, and molecular genetic studies. Here's how each of these approaches contributes to the evidence:
1. **Twin Studies**: Identical (monozygotic) twins share 100% of their genes, while fraternal (dizygotic) twins share, on average, 50% of their genes, just like regular siblings. By comparing the similarities in personality traits between groups of identical and fraternal twins, researchers can estimate the heritability of these traits. If identical twins, who are genetically identical, show more similarity in personality traits than fraternal twins, this would suggest a genetic influence. The strongest evidence would come from studies of twins reared apart, as they share genes but not environments.
2. **Family Studies**: These studies look at the resemblance of personality traits between biologically related family members. If personality traits are found to be more similar among closely related family members than among more distantly related or non-related individuals, this would suggest a genetic component. However, family members also share environments, so these studies alone cannot fully disentangle genetic influence from environmental influence.
3. **Molecular Genetic Studies**: With the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and other molecular techniques, researchers can identify specific genes or genetic markers that are associated with personality traits. Finding genetic variants that are statistically linked to personality traits would provide direct evidence of a genetic influence. The strongest evidence would come from replicable findings across different populations and methodologies.
4. **Adoption Studies**: These studies compare adopted children to their adoptive and biological parents. If adopted children's personalities are more similar to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents, this would suggest a genetic influence, as the adoptive environment is shared but the genes are not.
The strongest piece of evidence would likely be a convergence of findings from all these methods, showing consistent patterns of genetic influence across different types of studies. Additionally, longitudinal studies that track personality traits over time and their association with genetic markers can strengthen the evidence by showing that these relationships are stable and predictive across the lifespan.
Most cells of a typical male contain
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Due to the nature of chromosomes, the odds of a couple producing two children with identical genes is a minimum of 1 in
(32) The fact that Orson is extremely obese appears to be completely due to one pair of genes that he received (one from mom and one from dad). In this case, Orson's obesity is best explained by
(35) When Topaz comments on Azure's "blue eyes," Topaz is describing an example of a(n)
(25) The process of meiosis results in the development of cells that have half the number of cells as the original one.
(40) According to data generated by the Human Genome Project, all humans share about _____ out of 1,000 DNA bases.
(36) Identical twins occur when a(n) _____ divides to form two separate, individual cells.
(36) Compare and contrast Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrome.
(38) A sperm cell and an ovum each contribute 23, rather than 46, chromosomes to a zygote because they
(29) Of the two sex chromosomes, the _____ chromosome, carries the fewest genes.
(33) As it suddenly appeared in the bloodline of the royal family of Europe, hemophilia is best explained in terms of
(19) Experiences unique to an individual are referred to as _____ environmental influences.
(34) If Huxley is ethically opposed to the creation of "designer babies" through DNA manipulation, he would likely be strongly opposed to
(41) As the genetic material in two cells pair up just prior to meiosis, parts of the chromosome are exchanged with a second chromosome. This is called
(33) In an active gene-environment interaction, children's genetically based traits provoke a certain kind of reaction from their environment.
(30) As a hemophiliac, Charles has a deficiency in his blood's ability to
(35) Which does NOT belong on a list of the basic types of gene-environment correlations?
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