Exam 2: Theories of Human Development

According to Piaget, children construct their own understanding of the world based on their experiences.

Instincts are best described as

Brynn is three years old. She has been out of diapers for over a year. When her mother comes home from the hospital with a new baby brother, Brynn begins to suck her thumb and wet the bed at night. According to Freud, Brynn is experiencing

Polly is attending her first birthday party, where she sees her first balloon. While playing with the balloon, she accidentally pops it with a pin. When the balloon pops, she screams, drops her drink, and starts to cry when she sees it stain the carpet. In this situation, the noise produced by the popping balloon would represent a(n)

After her mother says, "No, you may not eat any cookies" Sandra takes some cookies from the cookie jar and eats them when her mother isn't looking. Later, she feels bad because she knows this was not a good thing to do. The fact that she feels bad indicates that her

After Brainiac brings home a report card with all As, his parents (who want to make sure this behavior continues in the future) give him a new car (something that he really wanted). It appears that Brainiac's parents are attempting to use _____ to keep Brainiac's grades up.

Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that children are

When Mr. Earlgray sits on a needle, he instinctively screams and then accidentally knocks over his cup of tea. He then claims that he will never drink tea again, because he finds the act too painful. In this situation, which provides the best example of an unconditioned response?

When exhibiting a projection, an individual expresses motives that are just the opposite of their real motives.

Because he holds a psychoanalytic orientation, Dr. Powers would suggest that the true reason for his son's interest in becoming an international spy involves

When a behavior is ignored (not reinforced), it tends to go away. This statement describes the operant consequence of _____.

Jerome believes that development proceeds through a series of developmental stages, each of which represents distinct changes. He might best be called a(n) _____ theorist.

While attending his first horror movie, Craven begins eating out of his box of popcorn. Craven likes popcorn and continues to eat during the film. After a few minutes, a crazed killer surprises a character in the film. The character's screaming reaction scares Craven, who spills popcorn all over himself. After the movie ends, Craven starts to leave the movie. He glances down, sees an overturned box of popcorn, and screams out in terror. A classical conditioning theorist would argue that popcorn has now become a(n) _____ that elicits a fear reaction.

In Watson and Raynor's classical conditioning study with Albert, a steel bar banged with a hammer served as the

Which statement best exemplifies the perspective held by most 21st century developmentalists?

Negative punishment involves the removal of something pleasant that results in behavior decreasing in frequency.

Constructivism proposes that children learn best

Adler, Jung, Horney, and Erikson are all well-known

Extinction impacts a behavior by

Emeril has never tasted spicy shrimp. When he eats his first spicy shrimp, he smiles and decides that he really likes spicy shrimp. A few weeks after tasting the spicy shrimp for the first time, he is in a different restaurant, sees a bowl of spicy shrimp on a table next to him, and smiles. He then tells the waiter that he is going to try a new dish called spicy chicken. In this situation, _____ is best characterized as a conditioned response.