Chat with AIExam 7: Attention
In one of the earliest studies of visual attention, Helmholtz (1894) constructed a screen on which letters were painted at various distances from the center. Following a brief illumination, he found that
(36) 
VerifiedA
How do early- and late-selection models of attention differ? Propose a dichotic listening experiment that would provide evidence to distinguish between these two models.
(30) 
Answered by Examlex AI CopilotEarly- and late-selection models of attention differ in terms of when the filtering of information occurs in the cognitive process. In early-selection models, the filtering of information happens at an early stage of processing, before the information is fully analyzed. This means that only selected information is processed further, while the rest is ignored. In contrast, late-selection models propose that all information is fully analyzed before the filtering occurs, with only selected information being further processed and the rest being ignored.
To distinguish between these two models, a dichotic listening experiment could be conducted. In this experiment, participants are presented with different auditory stimuli in both ears simultaneously. For example, in one ear they may hear a series of numbers, and in the other ear they may hear a series of words. The participants are then instructed to pay attention to one ear and ignore the other.
If the early-selection model is accurate, participants should only be able to recall the information presented in the ear they were instructed to pay attention to, and should not be able to recall any information from the ignored ear. This is because the filtering process happens at an early stage, so the ignored information is not fully processed.
On the other hand, if the late-selection model is accurate, participants should be able to recall some information from both ears, regardless of which ear they were instructed to pay attention to. This is because all information is fully processed before the filtering occurs, allowing some information from the ignored ear to still be recalled.
By comparing the recall of information from both ears in this experiment, researchers can gather evidence to distinguish between the early- and late-selection models of attention.
You are sitting in a coffee shop talking to your best friend while everyone around you talks and music is playing in the background. The fact that you can attend to your friend and ignore the other sounds around you is best described by which of the following items?
(34) VerifiedA
In ERP studies of performance on the dichotic listening task, Hillyard and colleagues (1973) found that attended signals are accompanied by a negative-polarity waveform that is relatively large and peaks at approximately 180 milliseconds after stimulus presentation. This waveform is called the auditory ________ potential.
(32) Describe the experimental design of a Posner cuing experiment. In your answer, provide definitions for the terms exogenous cuing, endogenous cuing, valid trial, invalid trial, and inhibition of return.
(44) Both early- and late-selection models of attention share the idea that
(39) The process of directing one's attention to a specific external stimulus is called
(23) Results of the Posner spatial cuing task (1980) showed that cuing participants to the location of an upcoming target decreased their reaction time to detect it because attention enhanced perceptual processing for the target. This finding is most consistent with ________ models of attention.
(33) When spatial attention is introduced to one stimulus in a spatial array, simultaneous presentation of competing stimuli interferes less compared to the absence of spatial attention.
(34) You are chasing a tennis ball that has been hit away from you. Which of the following brain areas is least involved in tracking that stimulus?
(29) Unilateral spatial neglect typically results from damage to the left temporal lobe.
(39) Directing attention to a visual stimulus produces a positive ERP waveform called the P1 waveform if participants are
(26) Studies of attention employing the P1 waveform and the N1 waveform suggest that
(38) In dichotic listening studies, it has been found that a participant usually notices when his or her own name is embedded in the ignored channel. This finding is considered evidence that
(37) Extrastriate cortical regions specialized for the processing of color, form, and motion are modulated by visual attention to these stimulus features.
(33) All of the following describe differences between early-selection and late-selection models of attention EXCEPT
(43) At the neuronal level, the fundamental effect of selective attention is understood to be that selective attention results in
(31) 
Filters
- Essay(0)
- Multiple Choice(0)
- Short Answer(0)
- True False(0)
- Matching(0)