Question 1

What is a schedule of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use 
B)  a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time 
C)  a pattern of resistance to extinction 
D)  the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response 
A)  a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use 
B)  a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time 
C)  a pattern of resistance to extinction 
D)  the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response

Question 2

According to conditioning models of drug tolerance,why do drug users start using larger and larger doses over time

Accepted Answer

A)  The drug effect is a UCR that is very rewarding, so more is used over time. 
B)  The CR compensates for the effect of the drug, resulting in a smaller high than usual with the same dose. 
C)  The CS becomes ineffective in eliciting the typical high, so a more salient CS must be used. 
D)  The CS becomes larger and larger over time, so the drug dose must become larger as well. 
A)  The drug effect is a UCR that is very rewarding, so more is used over time. 
B)  The CR compensates for the effect of the drug, resulting in a smaller high than usual with the same dose. 
C)  The CS becomes ineffective in eliciting the typical high, so a more salient CS must be used. 
D)  The CS becomes larger and larger over time, so the drug dose must become larger as well.

Question 3

Which schedule of reinforcement should you use if you want a rat in a Skinner Box to respond with both a high and steady rate of response

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio schedule 
B)  fixed interval schedule 
C)  variable interval schedule 
D)  variable ratio schedule 
A)  fixed ratio schedule 
B)  fixed interval schedule 
C)  variable interval schedule 
D)  variable ratio schedule

Question 4

Imagine parents asking Albert Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say "please" and "thank you." What would Bandura most likely suggest

Accepted Answer

A)  Use negative reinforcement and withhold the requested item until the child says "please." 
B)  Consistently say "please" and "thank you," and reinforce any similar behaviour by the child. 
C)  Give the child positive reinforcement for saying "please" and "thank you" correctly each time. 
D)  Modelling the behaviour of saying "please" and "thank you" will be sufficient. 
A)  Use negative reinforcement and withhold the requested item until the child says "please." 
B)  Consistently say "please" and "thank you," and reinforce any similar behaviour by the child. 
C)  Give the child positive reinforcement for saying "please" and "thank you" correctly each time. 
D)  Modelling the behaviour of saying "please" and "thank you" will be sufficient.

Question 5

When Alek does not complete his homework in time,his mother takes away the power cord for his video game system.What does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  corporal punishment 
B)  punishment 
C)  aversion therapy 
D)  negative reinforcement 
A)  corporal punishment 
B)  punishment 
C)  aversion therapy 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 6

What leads to a decrease in the tendency to emit a particular response

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  resistance to extinction 
C)  punishment 
D)  positive reinforcement 
A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  resistance to extinction 
C)  punishment 
D)  positive reinforcement

Question 7

Which statement is an example of spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

A)  Justin salivates when he hears the lunch bell ring. 
B)  Erik no longer thinks about his ex-girlfriend even when he smells her perfume. 
C)  Julie thought she was over her drug cravings, but they came back when she watched a documentary about addicts. 
D)  Ella is slowly learning to avoid swearing at work. 
A)  Justin salivates when he hears the lunch bell ring. 
B)  Erik no longer thinks about his ex-girlfriend even when he smells her perfume. 
C)  Julie thought she was over her drug cravings, but they came back when she watched a documentary about addicts. 
D)  Ella is slowly learning to avoid swearing at work.

Question 8

In classical conditioning,what is a conditioned response

Accepted Answer

A)  unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning 
B)  stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning 
C)  previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response 
D)  learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning 
A)  unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning 
B)  stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning 
C)  previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response 
D)  learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning

Question 9

A dog has been conditioned to salivate in the presence of a 1000 hertz tone,but whenever an 800 hertz tone was presented there would be no food presented.Which of the following tones will elicit the LEAST salivation from the dog

Accepted Answer

A)  700 hertz 
B)  900 hertz 
C)  1100 hertz 
D)  1200 hertz 
A)  700 hertz 
B)  900 hertz 
C)  1100 hertz 
D)  1200 hertz

Question 10

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so.In fact,your parents likely maintained control over the TV.In this case,how did your learning occur

Accepted Answer

A)  through operant conditioning 
B)  through negative modelling 
C)  through observational learning 
D)  through classical conditioning 
A)  through operant conditioning 
B)  through negative modelling 
C)  through observational learning 
D)  through classical conditioning

Question 11

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning,what is true of a "good" CS

Accepted Answer

A)  It accurately predicts the presentation of the UCS. 
B)  It is presented immediately after the UCS. 
C)  It has been paired with the UCS many times. 
D)  It is novel or intense. 
A)  It accurately predicts the presentation of the UCS. 
B)  It is presented immediately after the UCS. 
C)  It has been paired with the UCS many times. 
D)  It is novel or intense.

Question 12

What is the term for a previously neutral stimulus that,through conditioning,acquires the capacity to elicit a response

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response 
A)  unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response

Question 13

If you start driving your car without fastening your seatbelt,you will hear a somewhat annoying sound.What type of learning have you demonstrated if you fasten the seatbelt after the sound has begun

Accepted Answer

A)  escape learning 
B)  avoidance learning 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  positive punishment 
A)  escape learning 
B)  avoidance learning 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  positive punishment

Question 14

In an FR schedule,when is the reinforcement given

Accepted Answer

A)  for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed 
B)  after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses 
C)  for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed 
D)  after a variable number of nonreinforced responses 
A)  for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed 
B)  after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses 
C)  for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed 
D)  after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

Question 15

You have observed your friend Kyle have great success in his relationship because he is very thoughtful.For example,he brings flowers for no reason and he offers foot-rubs when he knows that his partner is stressed.You know that these behaviours would be beneficial in your own relationship,because you've seen how rewarding it is for Kyle,and yet you do not actually employ these strategies.As a result,your relationship is in trouble.What would Albert Bandura suggest about this situation

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a difference between acquisition of learning and performance. 
B)  You have been classically conditioned to ignore your relationship. 
C)  You haven't learned anything from Kyle. 
D)  Observational learning is weaker than other forms of learning. 
A)  There is a difference between acquisition of learning and performance. 
B)  You have been classically conditioned to ignore your relationship. 
C)  You haven't learned anything from Kyle. 
D)  Observational learning is weaker than other forms of learning.

Question 16

Which of the following pairs will increase the probability that a response will be repeated

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement and punishment 
B)  positive reinforcement and punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement and punishment 
D)  positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement 
A)  reinforcement and punishment 
B)  positive reinforcement and punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement and punishment 
D)  positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Question 17

What do we call the gradual weakening and disappearance of a tendency to make a conditioned response

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  extinction 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  higher-order conditioning 
A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  extinction 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  higher-order conditioning

Question 18

What happens in operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  An organism's response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. 
B)  Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. 
C)  An organism's tendency to give a response reappears after a period of time. 
D)  A stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. 
A)  An organism's response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. 
B)  Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. 
C)  An organism's tendency to give a response reappears after a period of time. 
D)  A stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Question 19

Which pair of processes are involved in the acquisition of phobias and also the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction

Accepted Answer

A)  classical and operant conditioning 
B)  positive and negative reinforcement 
C)  operant conditioning and observation learning 
D)  reinforcement and punishment 
A)  classical and operant conditioning 
B)  positive and negative reinforcement 
C)  operant conditioning and observation learning 
D)  reinforcement and punishment

Question 20

Tyler still sends a lot of text messages to his ex-girlfriend even though she no longer responds to them.Which term characterizes Tyler's behaviour of sending texts to his ex

Accepted Answer

A)  higher-order conditioning 
B)  resistance to extinction 
C)  generalization 
D)  reinforcement contingency 
A)  higher-order conditioning 
B)  resistance to extinction 
C)  generalization 
D)  reinforcement contingency

Exam 6: B: Learning

What is a schedule of reinforcement

According to conditioning models of drug tolerance,why do drug users start using larger and larger doses over time

Which schedule of reinforcement should you use if you want a rat in a Skinner Box to respond with both a high and steady rate of response

Imagine parents asking Albert Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say "please" and "thank you." What would Bandura most likely suggest

When Alek does not complete his homework in time,his mother takes away the power cord for his video game system.What does this example illustrate

What leads to a decrease in the tendency to emit a particular response

Which statement is an example of spontaneous recovery

In classical conditioning,what is a conditioned response

A dog has been conditioned to salivate in the presence of a 1000 hertz tone,but whenever an 800 hertz tone was presented there would be no food presented.Which of the following tones will elicit the LEAST salivation from the dog

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so.In fact,your parents likely maintained control over the TV.In this case,how did your learning occur

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning,what is true of a "good" CS

What is the term for a previously neutral stimulus that,through conditioning,acquires the capacity to elicit a response

If you start driving your car without fastening your seatbelt,you will hear a somewhat annoying sound.What type of learning have you demonstrated if you fasten the seatbelt after the sound has begun

In an FR schedule,when is the reinforcement given

Which of the following pairs will increase the probability that a response will be repeated

What do we call the gradual weakening and disappearance of a tendency to make a conditioned response

What happens in operant conditioning

Which pair of processes are involved in the acquisition of phobias and also the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction

Tyler still sends a lot of text messages to his ex-girlfriend even though she no longer responds to them.Which term characterizes Tyler's behaviour of sending texts to his ex

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

C: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

C: The Biological Basis of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

A: Learning

C: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

A: Language and Thought

B: Language and Thought

A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

C: Intelligence Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

C: Human Development Across the Lifespan

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Social Behaviour

B: Social Behaviour

A: Stress, Coping, and Health

B: Stress, Coping, and Health

C: Stress, Coping Health

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

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