Question 1

The EMT is administering oxygen at 95% through a nonrebreathing face mask. He would document this as a FiO₂ of:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.21. 
B)  0.50. 
C)  0.95. 
D)  1.00. 
A)  0.21. 
B)  0.50. 
C)  0.95. 
D)  1.00. C

Question 2

A patient who has lost 1 liter of blood is conscious with a patent airway, but his extremities are pale and cold to the touch. Vital signs are pulse 130, respirations are 22 and adequate, blood pressure is 74/56, and SpO₂ is 95% on room air. Which one of the following is most needed by this patient to increase perfusion to the cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased blood pressure by giving IV fluids 
B)  Administration of oxygen 
C)  Increased number of red blood cells and plasma volume 
D)  Keeping the patient warm 
A)  Increased blood pressure by giving IV fluids 
B)  Administration of oxygen 
C)  Increased number of red blood cells and plasma volume 
D)  Keeping the patient warm C

Question 3

The EMT would document an FDO₂ level when she is:

Accepted Answer

A)  assisting breathing with a bag-valve-mask device. 
B)  inserting a nasopharyngeal airway. 
C)  providing oxygen at greater than 10 liters per minute. 
D)  using a nonrebreather face mask with high-concentration O₂. 
A)  assisting breathing with a bag-valve-mask device. 
B)  inserting a nasopharyngeal airway. 
C)  providing oxygen at greater than 10 liters per minute. 
D)  using a nonrebreather face mask with high-concentration O₂. A

Question 4

You are caring for a 66-year-old male who is severely dehydrated. Given this condition, you would recognize which of the following related to the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Difficulty of the hemoglobin in carrying oxygen 
B)  Decreased ability of oxygen to diffuse from the lungs to the blood 
C)  Decreased production of white blood cells 
D)  Decreased blood volume available for circulation 
A)  Difficulty of the hemoglobin in carrying oxygen 
B)  Decreased ability of oxygen to diffuse from the lungs to the blood 
C)  Decreased production of white blood cells 
D)  Decreased blood volume available for circulation

Question 5

What happens after a cell in anaerobic metabolism breaks down glucose and creates energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxygen and water are created. 
B)  Lactic acid is formed. 
C)  Carbon dioxide and water are formed. 
D)  Electrolytes in the cell become balanced. 
A)  Oxygen and water are created. 
B)  Lactic acid is formed. 
C)  Carbon dioxide and water are formed. 
D)  Electrolytes in the cell become balanced.

Question 6

When the cells undergo normal metabolism, which one of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heat, carbon dioxide, and water are produced. 
B)  Lactic acid is produced and excreted by the kidneys. 
C)  Decreased amounts of oxygen are required. 
D)  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced and excreted by the lungs. 
A)  Heat, carbon dioxide, and water are produced. 
B)  Lactic acid is produced and excreted by the kidneys. 
C)  Decreased amounts of oxygen are required. 
D)  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced and excreted by the lungs.

Question 7

Which one of the following would result from increasing a patient's preload?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased cardiac output 
B)  Increased oxygen delivery into the lungs 
C)  Decreased blood pressure 
D)  Decreased myocardial contraction 
A)  Increased cardiac output 
B)  Increased oxygen delivery into the lungs 
C)  Decreased blood pressure 
D)  Decreased myocardial contraction

Question 8

Which one of the following best describes minute ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Number of breaths a patient breathes in one minute 
B)  Amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in one minute 
C)  Total milliliters of air moving into and out of the lungs in one breath 
D)  Amount of oxygen needed by the body in one minute 
A)  Number of breaths a patient breathes in one minute 
B)  Amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in one minute 
C)  Total milliliters of air moving into and out of the lungs in one breath 
D)  Amount of oxygen needed by the body in one minute

Question 9

Which one of the following conditions would most likely account for an elevated carbon dioxide level in a patient's body?

Accepted Answer

A)  Renal failure 
B)  Lung disease 
C)  Liver injury 
D)  Endocrine stem dysfunction 
A)  Renal failure 
B)  Lung disease 
C)  Liver injury 
D)  Endocrine stem dysfunction

Question 10

A patient with asthma is extremely short of breath and hypoxic. Related to the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), the EMT would recognize the problem lying in:

Accepted Answer

A)  inadequate oxygen in the alveoli. 
B)  decreased cardiac output to circulate oxygen. 
C)  inadequate oxygen in the ambient air. 
D)  decreased blood volume to carry oxygen. 
A)  inadequate oxygen in the alveoli. 
B)  decreased cardiac output to circulate oxygen. 
C)  inadequate oxygen in the ambient air. 
D)  decreased blood volume to carry oxygen.

Question 11

A chronically elevated afterload increases the patient's chance for developing which one of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Liver disease 
B)  Hypotension 
C)  Diabetes 
D)  Heart failure 
A)  Liver disease 
B)  Hypotension 
C)  Diabetes 
D)  Heart failure

Question 12

For a patient breathing in room air, the EMT would estimate the FiO₂ to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.15. 
B)  0.21. 
C)  0.55. 
D)  1.00. 
A)  0.15. 
B)  0.21. 
C)  0.55. 
D)  1.00.

Question 13

Which one of the following measurements indicates a narrowed pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  120/76 
B)  108/88 
C)  210/138 
D)  116/82 
A)  120/76 
B)  108/88 
C)  210/138 
D)  116/82

Question 14

An unresponsive patient is breathing at a rate of 6 breaths per minute. What intervention would be most beneficial for the patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  Positive pressure ventilation with O₂ a rate of 30 and tidal volume of 200 mL 
B)  Oxygen at 15 liters per minute delivered through a nonrebreather face mask 
C)  Positive pressure ventilation with a rate of 12 and tidal volume of 500 mL 
D)  Oral airway and positive pressure ventilation at 40 per minute, supplemental O₂, and volume of 100 
A)  Positive pressure ventilation with O₂ a rate of 30 and tidal volume of 200 mL 
B)  Oxygen at 15 liters per minute delivered through a nonrebreather face mask 
C)  Positive pressure ventilation with a rate of 12 and tidal volume of 500 mL 
D)  Oral airway and positive pressure ventilation at 40 per minute, supplemental O₂, and volume of 100

Question 15

Which one of the following conditions must be met for carbon dioxide to be moved from the cell to the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

A)  The blood must be low in carbon dioxide. 
B)  The sodium/potassium pump must be functional. 
C)  There must be a high amount of oxygen in the blood. 
D)  There must be a high number of red blood cells in the blood. 
A)  The blood must be low in carbon dioxide. 
B)  The sodium/potassium pump must be functional. 
C)  There must be a high amount of oxygen in the blood. 
D)  There must be a high number of red blood cells in the blood.

Question 16

The best way to decrease a patient's afterload would be to:

Accepted Answer

A)  slow the heart rate. 
B)  reduce the blood pressure. 
C)  administer intravenous fluids. 
D)  provide supplemental oxygen. 
A)  slow the heart rate. 
B)  reduce the blood pressure. 
C)  administer intravenous fluids. 
D)  provide supplemental oxygen.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about chemoreceptors in the human body is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The central chemoreceptors are located in the lungs and provide the primary stimulus to breathe. 
B)  The peripheral chemoreceptors are extremely sensitive to oxygen and are located in the brain. 
C)  The central chemoreceptors constantly monitor the oxygen levels in the body and increase the rate when more O₂ is needed. 
D)  The peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to oxygen than carbon dioxide. 
A)  The central chemoreceptors are located in the lungs and provide the primary stimulus to breathe. 
B)  The peripheral chemoreceptors are extremely sensitive to oxygen and are located in the brain. 
C)  The central chemoreceptors constantly monitor the oxygen levels in the body and increase the rate when more O₂ is needed. 
D)  The peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to oxygen than carbon dioxide.

Question 18

The EMT would best recognize normal cellular metabolism as:

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygenated. 
B)  aerobic. 
C)  glycolytic. 
D)  anaerobic. 
A)  oxygenated. 
B)  aerobic. 
C)  glycolytic. 
D)  anaerobic.

Question 19

For a patient who is bleeding, which of the following is the immediate response of the human body?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vasoconstriction caused by the parasympathetic nervous system 
B)  Increased production of red blood cells and hemoglobin 
C)  Vasoconstriction caused by the sympathetic nervous system 
D)  Increased pulse pressure to promote better circulation of oxygen 
A)  Vasoconstriction caused by the parasympathetic nervous system 
B)  Increased production of red blood cells and hemoglobin 
C)  Vasoconstriction caused by the sympathetic nervous system 
D)  Increased pulse pressure to promote better circulation of oxygen

Question 20

Which of the following will affect the ventilation component of the ventilation/perfusion ratio?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood clot in the pulmonary blood vessels 
B)  Loss of blood plasma from dehydration 
C)  Infection and pus in the distal airways and alveoli 
D)  Decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood 
A)  Blood clot in the pulmonary blood vessels 
B)  Loss of blood plasma from dehydration 
C)  Infection and pus in the distal airways and alveoli 
D)  Decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood

Exam 8: Pathophysiology

The EMT is administering oxygen at 95% through a nonrebreathing face mask. He would document this as a FiO₂ of:

The EMT would document an FDO₂ level when she is:

You are caring for a 66-year-old male who is severely dehydrated. Given this condition, you would recognize which of the following related to the cardiovascular system?

What happens after a cell in anaerobic metabolism breaks down glucose and creates energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

When the cells undergo normal metabolism, which one of the following occurs?

Which one of the following would result from increasing a patient's preload?

Which one of the following best describes minute ventilation?

Which one of the following conditions would most likely account for an elevated carbon dioxide level in a patient's body?

A patient with asthma is extremely short of breath and hypoxic. Related to the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), the EMT would recognize the problem lying in:

A chronically elevated afterload increases the patient's chance for developing which one of the following conditions?

For a patient breathing in room air, the EMT would estimate the FiO₂ to be:

Which one of the following measurements indicates a narrowed pulse pressure?

An unresponsive patient is breathing at a rate of 6 breaths per minute. What intervention would be most beneficial for the patient?

Which one of the following conditions must be met for carbon dioxide to be moved from the cell to the bloodstream?

The best way to decrease a patient's afterload would be to:

Which of the following statements about chemoreceptors in the human body is true?

The EMT would best recognize normal cellular metabolism as:

For a patient who is bleeding, which of the following is the immediate response of the human body?

Which of the following will affect the ventilation component of the ventilation/perfusion ratio?

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