Question 1

How do sigma factors regulate major physiological responses?

Accepted Answer

One species can make several different sigma factors that help RNA polymerase find the beginnings of different subsets of genes. The different sigma factors help RNA polymerase recognize different classes of promoters and control genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, flagellar synthesis, heat, stress, starvation, sporulation, and other physiological responses. Organisms have protein sensors that monitor the environment. When necessary, they direct the cell to increase synthesis of the appropriate sigma factor. Accumulation of specialty sigma factors dislodge other sigma factors from RNA polymerase and redirect RNA polymerase to promoters for genes that can be used to solve the problem sensed by the protein sensors. The cell can control physiological responses by regulating when a specific sigma factor accumulates.

Question 2

Gram-negative microbes are surrounded by two layers of __________, between which lies __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  membrane; peptidoglycan 
B)  membrane; periplasmic space and lipopolysaccharide 
C)  membrane; periplasmic space and peptidoglycan 
D)  lipopolysaccharide; periplasmic space and peptidoglycan 
E)  lipopolysaccharide; peptidoglycan 
A)  membrane; peptidoglycan 
B)  membrane; periplasmic space and lipopolysaccharide 
C)  membrane; periplasmic space and peptidoglycan 
D)  lipopolysaccharide; periplasmic space and peptidoglycan 
E)  lipopolysaccharide; peptidoglycan C

Question 3

The __________ of transcription and translation helps microbes rapidly adjust gene expression to changes in their environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  pausing 
B)  separation 
C)  processes 
D)  slowing 
E)  coupling 
A)  pausing 
B)  separation 
C)  processes 
D)  slowing 
E)  coupling E

Question 4

The general secretion complex known as the SecYEG translocon is found in the:

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleus 
B)  inner membrane 
C)  cell wall 
D)  periplasmic space 
E)  outer membrane 
A)  nucleus 
B)  inner membrane 
C)  cell wall 
D)  periplasmic space 
E)  outer membrane

Question 5

The energy source utilized by the elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu is:

Accepted Answer

A)  proton motive force 
B)  ATP hydrolysis 
C)  GTP hydrolysis 
D)  phosphoenolpyruvate hydrolysis 
E)  none is required 
A)  proton motive force 
B)  ATP hydrolysis 
C)  GTP hydrolysis 
D)  phosphoenolpyruvate hydrolysis 
E)  none is required

Question 6

What does it mean to annotate a genome? Explain the goals.

Accepted Answer

Annotation of a genome requires computer

Question 7

In eukaryotes, protein degradation occurs through organelles called:

Accepted Answer

A)  proteases 
B)  lysosomes 
C)  RNases 
D)  proteasomes 
E)  vacuoles 
A)  proteases 
B)  lysosomes 
C)  RNases 
D)  proteasomes 
E)  vacuoles

Question 8

__________ RNA polymerase plus sigma factor together are called __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Transcription; translation 
B)  Holoenzyme; core 
C)  Translation; transcription 
D)  Core; holoenzyme 
E)  Ribosome; rRNA 
A)  Transcription; translation 
B)  Holoenzyme; core 
C)  Translation; transcription 
D)  Core; holoenzyme 
E)  Ribosome; rRNA

Question 9

Which drug interferes with transcription in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  chloramphenicol 
B)  erythromycin 
C)  rifampin 
D)  streptomycin 
E)  tetracycline 
A)  chloramphenicol 
B)  erythromycin 
C)  rifampin 
D)  streptomycin 
E)  tetracycline

Question 10

In the absence of rho, what can bring about transcription termination?

Accepted Answer

A)  stem and loop and stretches of uridines 
B)  stem and loop only 
C)  GC-rich region 
D)  GC-rich region followed by four to eight uridines 
E)  stem and loop followed by a GC-rich region 
A)  stem and loop and stretches of uridines 
B)  stem and loop only 
C)  GC-rich region 
D)  GC-rich region followed by four to eight uridines 
E)  stem and loop followed by a GC-rich region

Question 11

The average half-life for mRNA in a typical bacterium such as E. coli is:

Accepted Answer

A)  1-3 seconds 
B)  10-30 seconds 
C)  1-3 minutes 
D)  1-3 hours 
E)  1-3 days 
A)  1-3 seconds 
B)  10-30 seconds 
C)  1-3 minutes 
D)  1-3 hours 
E)  1-3 days

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an example of a heat-shock protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  trigger factor 
B)  GroES 
C)  GroEL 
D)  Clp protease 
E)  DnaK 
A)  trigger factor 
B)  GroES 
C)  GroEL 
D)  Clp protease 
E)  DnaK

Question 13

Transcription occurs in the __________ and translation occurs in the __________ of a eukaryotic cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleoid; cytoplasm 
B)  cytoplasm; cytoplasm 
C)  nucleus; cytoplasm 
D)  nucleus; nucleus 
E)  nucleoid; nucleoid 
A)  nucleoid; cytoplasm 
B)  cytoplasm; cytoplasm 
C)  nucleus; cytoplasm 
D)  nucleus; nucleus 
E)  nucleoid; nucleoid

Question 14

Molecules of sRNA do not encode proteins, but are used to __________ the translation of specific mRNAs into proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  start 
B)  regulate 
C)  stop 
D)  speed up 
E)  slow down 
A)  start 
B)  regulate 
C)  stop 
D)  speed up 
E)  slow down

Question 15

After __________, each polypeptide must be properly folded and placed at the correct cellular or extracellular location.

Accepted Answer

A)  replication 
B)  transcription 
C)  translation 
D)  degradation 
E)  conjugation 
A)  replication 
B)  transcription 
C)  translation 
D)  degradation 
E)  conjugation

Question 16

__________ controls protein turnover by closely regulating the degradation of specific proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  Ubiquitination 
B)  Half-life 
C)  Amino acid sequence 
D)  Tertiary structure 
E)  Protease 
A)  Ubiquitination 
B)  Half-life 
C)  Amino acid sequence 
D)  Tertiary structure 
E)  Protease

Question 17

During transcription of the __________ genes, normal, unmodified bases are incorporated, but some of these are modified later by specific enzymes.

Accepted Answer

A)  tRNA 
B)  tmRNA 
C)  mRNA 
D)  sRNA 
E)  catalytic RNA 
A)  tRNA 
B)  tmRNA 
C)  mRNA 
D)  sRNA 
E)  catalytic RNA

Question 18

Which of the following are required for the termination of translation?

Accepted Answer

A)  sRNAs 
B)  degrons 
C)  TolC proteins 
D)  release factors 
E)  ubiquitins 
A)  sRNAs 
B)  degrons 
C)  TolC proteins 
D)  release factors 
E)  ubiquitins

Question 19

Signal sequences are found:

Accepted Answer

A)  in the 30S ribosomal subunit 
B)  in the 50S ribosomal subunit 
C)  at the N-terminal end of a protein 
D)  at the C-terminal end of a mRNA 
E)  upstream of the promoter 
A)  in the 30S ribosomal subunit 
B)  in the 50S ribosomal subunit 
C)  at the N-terminal end of a protein 
D)  at the C-terminal end of a mRNA 
E)  upstream of the promoter

Question 20

The RpoH sigma-70 factor of E. coli recognizes promoters for:

Accepted Answer

A)  stress response genes 
B)  motility and chemotaxis genes 
C)  "housekeeping" genes 
D)  heat shock-induced genes 
E)  genes for nitrogen metabolism 
A)  stress response genes 
B)  motility and chemotaxis genes 
C)  "housekeeping" genes 
D)  heat shock-induced genes 
E)  genes for nitrogen metabolism

Exam 8: Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

How do sigma factors regulate major physiological responses?

Gram-negative microbes are surrounded by two layers of __________, between which lies __________.

The __________ of transcription and translation helps microbes rapidly adjust gene expression to changes in their environment.

The general secretion complex known as the SecYEG translocon is found in the:

The energy source utilized by the elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu is:

What does it mean to annotate a genome? Explain the goals.

In eukaryotes, protein degradation occurs through organelles called:

__________ RNA polymerase plus sigma factor together are called __________.

Which drug interferes with transcription in prokaryotes?

In the absence of rho, what can bring about transcription termination?

The average half-life for mRNA in a typical bacterium such as E. coli is:

Which of the following is NOT an example of a heat-shock protein?

Transcription occurs in the __________ and translation occurs in the __________ of a eukaryotic cell.

Molecules of sRNA do not encode proteins, but are used to __________ the translation of specific mRNAs into proteins.

After __________, each polypeptide must be properly folded and placed at the correct cellular or extracellular location.

__________ controls protein turnover by closely regulating the degradation of specific proteins.

During transcription of the __________ genes, normal, unmodified bases are incorporated, but some of these are modified later by specific enzymes.

Which of the following are required for the termination of translation?

Signal sequences are found:

The RpoH sigma-70 factor of E. coli recognizes promoters for:

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Bio-techniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

What Do Winning Organizations Do Well

Understanding Customer Needs

Choosing Which Customers to Serve

Developing a Strong Marketing Plan

Product and Brand Strategies

Pricing Strategies

Channel Strategies

Marketing Communications Strategies

Delivering Customer Value

Building a Customer-Focused Business

Customer Attraction, Satisfaction, and Retention Strategies

Building the Marketing Organization of the Future

Filters

Gram-negative microbes are surrounded by two layers of , between which lies .

RNA polymerase plus sigma factor together are called .

Transcription occurs in the and translation occurs in the of a eukaryotic cell.