Question 1

Lakes that have low concentrations of organic nutrients are termed:

Accepted Answer

A)  eutrophic 
B)  syntrophic 
C)  aphotic 
D)  oligotrophic 
E)  atrophic 
A)  eutrophic 
B)  syntrophic 
C)  aphotic 
D)  oligotrophic 
E)  atrophic D

Question 2

Explain how endoliths derive energy inside bedrock, where there is no sunlight.

Accepted Answer

Endoliths are chemilithotrophs. It is believed that radioactive decay of uranium may be the energy source for these bacteria.

Question 3

Feeding cattle grain generates high rumen acidity, selecting for acid-resistant pathogens such as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Sulfolobus sp. 
B)  E. coli O157:H7 
C)  Halobacterium NRC-1 
D)  fuselloviruses 
E)  Helicobacter pylori 
A)  Sulfolobus sp. 
B)  E. coli O157:H7 
C)  Halobacterium NRC-1 
D)  fuselloviruses 
E)  Helicobacter pylori B

Question 4

Define cryptogamic crust and explain its vital role in desert ecosystems.

Accepted Answer

Cryptogamic crust is a slow-forming type

Question 5

Lignin decomposition forms:

Accepted Answer

A)  arbuscules 
B)  detritus 
C)  fruiting bodies 
D)  humus 
E)  rhizopus 
A)  arbuscules 
B)  detritus 
C)  fruiting bodies 
D)  humus 
E)  rhizopus

Question 6

Which of the following plays an important role in keeping the water column clear enough for the penetration of light?

Accepted Answer

A)  algae 
B)  bacteria 
C)  fish 
D)  invertebrates 
E)  viruses 
A)  algae 
B)  bacteria 
C)  fish 
D)  invertebrates 
E)  viruses

Question 7

Compare and contrast the photic zones of pelagic and freshwater lake ecosystems.

Accepted Answer

The photic zone in the marine habitat is

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true regarding food webs in ecosystems?

Accepted Answer

A)  primary producers assimilate minerals into biomass 
B)  primary producers absorb energy from outside the ecosystem 
C)  grazers convert 10% of carbon back to carbon dioxide 
D)  consumers convert 90% of biomass carbon to atmospheric CO2 
E)  all biomass is recycled and eventually converted to heat 
A)  primary producers assimilate minerals into biomass 
B)  primary producers absorb energy from outside the ecosystem 
C)  grazers convert 10% of carbon back to carbon dioxide 
D)  consumers convert 90% of biomass carbon to atmospheric CO2 
E)  all biomass is recycled and eventually converted to heat

Question 9

Which region of marine habitat refers to the microscopic interface between water and air?

Accepted Answer

A)  pelagic zone 
B)  neuston 
C)  euphotic zone 
D)  aphotic zone 
E)  benthic zone 
A)  pelagic zone 
B)  neuston 
C)  euphotic zone 
D)  aphotic zone 
E)  benthic zone

Question 10

The salt concentration of marine water is about 3.5%. Which of the following is NOT a major ion in seawater?

Accepted Answer

A)  Na+ 
B)  Cl- 
C)  SO42- 
D)  Cu2+ 
E)  I- 
A)  Na+ 
B)  Cl- 
C)  SO42- 
D)  Cu2+ 
E)  I-

Question 11

Which of the following organisms forms a specific mutualistic association with legumes?

Accepted Answer

A)  rhizobia 
B)  agrobacteria 
C)  E. coli 
D)  morels 
E)  truffles 
A)  rhizobia 
B)  agrobacteria 
C)  E. coli 
D)  morels 
E)  truffles

Question 12

Cryptogamic "soils" are found in dry, hot deserts. Which of the following is NOT true of cryptogamic crusts?

Accepted Answer

A)  They develop very slowly. 
B)  They are made of lichens, mosses, and other algae and fungi. 
C)  They are quite resilient and not easily killed. 
D)  They play a vital role in protecting seeds for germination. 
E)  They help to prevent erosion in desert ecosystems. 
A)  They develop very slowly. 
B)  They are made of lichens, mosses, and other algae and fungi. 
C)  They are quite resilient and not easily killed. 
D)  They play a vital role in protecting seeds for germination. 
E)  They help to prevent erosion in desert ecosystems.

Question 13

A graduate student filtered a liter of seawater using a Millipore filter membrane of 2 $\mu$m pore size. Which of the following is true about her filtrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is sterile. 
B)  Microplanktons are present. 
C)  It contains picoplanktons. 
D)  It contains nanoplanktons. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  It is sterile. 
B)  Microplanktons are present. 
C)  It contains picoplanktons. 
D)  It contains nanoplanktons. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 14

The vast majority of microbes in the ocean are:

Accepted Answer

A)  psychrophiles 
B)  thermophiles 
C)  mesophiles 
D)  acidophiles 
E)  osmophiles 
A)  psychrophiles 
B)  thermophiles 
C)  mesophiles 
D)  acidophiles 
E)  osmophiles

Question 15

What two factors most differentiate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems? Why?

Accepted Answer

Viruses and primary producers. Viruses a

Question 16

Define BOD, which can be used to measure the pollution level of lakes. Describe how effluents carrying high levels of nutrients can cause eutrophication.

Accepted Answer

BOD is an abbreviation for biochemical o

Question 17

What percent of forest trees require mycorrhizae for growth?

Accepted Answer

A)  10% 
B)  25% 
C)  50% 
D)  75% 
E)  90% 
A)  10% 
B)  25% 
C)  50% 
D)  75% 
E)  90%

Question 18

Explain how viruses select for increased diversity of microbial plankton in the oceans.

Accepted Answer

About 40% of bacterial and protist bioma

Question 19

Synechococcus, a cyanobacterium, is a free-living marine organism that fixes CO2 into biomass while producing molecular oxygen utilized by swarms of heterotrophic bacteria. Which of the following is the most likely habitat of this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

A)  euphotic zone of the pelagic environment 
B)  the benthos 
C)  the littoral zone 
D)  lake sediments 
E)  aphotic zone 
A)  euphotic zone of the pelagic environment 
B)  the benthos 
C)  the littoral zone 
D)  lake sediments 
E)  aphotic zone

Question 20

Which of the following is responsible for the characteristic odor of soil?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vibrio sp. 
B)  Bacillus sp. 
C)  Streptomyces sp. 
D)  Staphylococcus sp. 
E)  Pseudomonas sp. 
A)  Vibrio sp. 
B)  Bacillus sp. 
C)  Streptomyces sp. 
D)  Staphylococcus sp. 
E)  Pseudomonas sp.

Exam 21: Microbial Ecology

Lakes that have low concentrations of organic nutrients are termed:

Explain how endoliths derive energy inside bedrock, where there is no sunlight.

Feeding cattle grain generates high rumen acidity, selecting for acid-resistant pathogens such as:

Define cryptogamic crust and explain its vital role in desert ecosystems.

Lignin decomposition forms:

Which of the following plays an important role in keeping the water column clear enough for the penetration of light?

Compare and contrast the photic zones of pelagic and freshwater lake ecosystems.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding food webs in ecosystems?

Which region of marine habitat refers to the microscopic interface between water and air?

The salt concentration of marine water is about 3.5%. Which of the following is NOT a major ion in seawater?

Which of the following organisms forms a specific mutualistic association with legumes?

Cryptogamic "soils" are found in dry, hot deserts. Which of the following is NOT true of cryptogamic crusts?

A graduate student filtered a liter of seawater using a Millipore filter membrane of 2 μ\muμ m pore size. Which of the following is true about her filtrate?

The vast majority of microbes in the ocean are:

What two factors most differentiate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems? Why?

Define BOD, which can be used to measure the pollution level of lakes. Describe how effluents carrying high levels of nutrients can cause eutrophication.

What percent of forest trees require mycorrhizae for growth?

Explain how viruses select for increased diversity of microbial plankton in the oceans.

Synechococcus, a cyanobacterium, is a free-living marine organism that fixes CO2 into biomass while producing molecular oxygen utilized by swarms of heterotrophic bacteria. Which of the following is the most likely habitat of this bacterium?

Which of the following is responsible for the characteristic odor of soil?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Bio-techniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

What Do Winning Organizations Do Well

Understanding Customer Needs

Choosing Which Customers to Serve

Developing a Strong Marketing Plan

Product and Brand Strategies

Pricing Strategies

Channel Strategies

Marketing Communications Strategies

Delivering Customer Value

Building a Customer-Focused Business

Customer Attraction, Satisfaction, and Retention Strategies

Building the Marketing Organization of the Future

Filters

A graduate student filtered a liter of seawater using a Millipore filter membrane of 2 $\mu$ m pore size. Which of the following is true about her filtrate?

Synechococcus, a cyanobacterium, is a free-living marine organism that fixes CO₂ into biomass while producing molecular oxygen utilized by swarms of heterotrophic bacteria. Which of the following is the most likely habitat of this bacterium?