Exam 6: Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both

Compare and contrast hormones,neurotransmitters,and neurohormones.

Each of the following is an example of homeostasis except one.Identify the exception.

Second messenger molecules directly

If the concentration of an endocrine ligand decreases,the target cell may insert more receptors into the cell membrane in an attempt to keep its response at a normal level,in a process known as ________.

Compare and contrast the four basic methods of cell-to-cell communication.

Describe the four classes of membrane receptor molecules.

What are NSAIDs,what is their function,and what are some drawbacks to their use?

Match the term with its description: -receives information about the regulated variable and initiates a response

Diacylglycerol is produced from

All molecules secreted by nerve cells (neuromodulators,neurotransmitters,and neurohormones)are known as ________.

Match the term with its description: -the minimum stimulus to trigger a response

Many second messenger systems activate ________,enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein.The phosphorylation of proteins sets off a series of intracellular events that lead to the ultimate cellular response.

The ________ link membrane receptors to either ion channels or to membrane enzymes located on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane.

Food items are occasionally shown to offer protective effects to those who eat them.Garlic,for example,may improve heart health.The pungency of garlic is due to sulfur-containing compounds.Explain how these compounds are good candidates for garlic's heart benefits.

A chemical that is secreted by a cell to act on cells in its immediate vicinity is called a(n)________.

What is an orphan receptor?

Cyclic AMP activates

Brain cells are able to absorb glucose independent of insulin.What must be missing from brain cells compared to most other cell types? One of the risks of diabetes mellitus is diabetic coma,which results when insufficient glucose is available to the brain.Would you expect diabetic coma to be triggered when insulin is low or high? Explain.(Hint: Think about regulation of the number of glucose transporters in brain cells and how the hyperglycemia present prior to insulin treatment may affect transporters.)

The nervous system has a role in preserving the "fitness" of the ________.