Question 1

A researcher decides to conduct a research study in the laboratory as opposed to as a field experiment.This decision can

Accepted Answer

A)  impact both internal and external validity. 
B)  greatly improve external validity of the study. 
C)  impact neither internal nor external validity. 
D)  greatly reduce internal validity of the study. 
A)  impact both internal and external validity. 
B)  greatly improve external validity of the study. 
C)  impact neither internal nor external validity. 
D)  greatly reduce internal validity of the study. A

Question 2

Many studies are dependent on the use of volunteers.Volunteers differ from non-volunteers in that volunteers tend to be more

Accepted Answer

A)  highly educated. 
B)  social and highly educated. 
C)  highly educated and in need of approval. 
D)  social,highly educated and in need of approval. 
A)  highly educated. 
B)  social and highly educated. 
C)  highly educated and in need of approval. 
D)  social,highly educated and in need of approval. D

Question 3

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to

Accepted Answer

A)  not use a pretest. 
B)  include pretesting versus no pretesting as a variable in a factorial design. 
C)  ask participants whether pretests were a problem. 
D)  use a double-blind technique. 
A)  not use a pretest. 
B)  include pretesting versus no pretesting as a variable in a factorial design. 
C)  ask participants whether pretests were a problem. 
D)  use a double-blind technique. B

Question 4

Dr.Vasquez used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies that studied the effects of exercise on mood.Dr.Vasquez has probably conducted a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  meta-analysis. 
B)  analysis of variance. 
C)  literature review. 
D)  causal analysis. 
A)  meta-analysis. 
B)  analysis of variance. 
C)  literature review. 
D)  causal analysis.

Question 5

The problem of generalizing to other experimenters may be reduced by using

Accepted Answer

A)  both male and female experimenters. 
B)  a field experimental technique. 
C)  a confederate. 
D)  male experimenters with female participants and female experimenters with male participants. 
A)  both male and female experimenters. 
B)  a field experimental technique. 
C)  a confederate. 
D)  male experimenters with female participants and female experimenters with male participants.

Question 6

When a researcher attempts to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained,he has conducted which type of replication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Abstract 
B)  Conceptual 
C)  Direct 
D)  Procedural 
A)  Abstract 
B)  Conceptual 
C)  Direct 
D)  Procedural

Question 7

The use of only college students,volunteers,or participants from one locale _____ the _____ of the study.

Accepted Answer

A)  enhances;internal validity 
B)  weakens;external validity 
C)  enhances;external validity 
D)  weakens;internal validity 
A)  enhances;internal validity 
B)  weakens;external validity 
C)  enhances;external validity 
D)  weakens;internal validity

Question 8

Henrich et al.(2010)have questioned the external validity of any studies using WEIRD participants.Their criticisms focus on the fact that such participants

Accepted Answer

A)  should be avoided,and only 'normal' university students should be selected for participation. 
B)  by being Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,and Democratic,such participants may not represent the humanity as a whole. 
C)  are overwhelmingly male,so cannot generalize to the general population in North America. 
D)  are always psychology students who are not representative of students in general. 
A)  should be avoided,and only 'normal' university students should be selected for participation. 
B)  by being Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,and Democratic,such participants may not represent the humanity as a whole. 
C)  are overwhelmingly male,so cannot generalize to the general population in North America. 
D)  are always psychology students who are not representative of students in general.

Question 9

Conceptual replications are ________ exact replications.

Accepted Answer

A)  less important than 
B)  more important than 
C)  just as important as 
D)  the same as 
A)  less important than 
B)  more important than 
C)  just as important as 
D)  the same as

Question 10

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations,the study is said to have

Accepted Answer

A)  statistical validity. 
B)  internal validity. 
C)  external validity. 
D)  construct validity. 
A)  statistical validity. 
B)  internal validity. 
C)  external validity. 
D)  construct validity.

Question 11

A Solomon four-group design

Accepted Answer

A)  assesses the effects of the pretest experience. 
B)  decreases the cost of a simple factorial design. 
C)  limits the external validity of the study. 
D)  increases the overall cost of the study. 
A)  assesses the effects of the pretest experience. 
B)  decreases the cost of a simple factorial design. 
C)  limits the external validity of the study. 
D)  increases the overall cost of the study.

Question 12

An important consideration in the external validity of research is

Accepted Answer

A)  assure all participants have the same background. 
B)  include groups from varying cultures. 
C)  use only college age participants. 
D)  employ only one type of experimenter. 
A)  assure all participants have the same background. 
B)  include groups from varying cultures. 
C)  use only college age participants. 
D)  employ only one type of experimenter.

Question 13

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes towards their supervisors,Les surveys 25 police officers from the day shift.In order to ensure the finding has external validity,Les should

Accepted Answer

A)  use a larger sample of officers from the day shift. 
B)  randomly assign officers to work under specific supervisors. 
C)  sample officers from all shifts in the department. 
D)  use confounding variables. 
A)  use a larger sample of officers from the day shift. 
B)  randomly assign officers to work under specific supervisors. 
C)  sample officers from all shifts in the department. 
D)  use confounding variables.

Question 14

Conceptual replications

Accepted Answer

A)  help us to generalize beyond single operational definitions of variables. 
B)  solve the problems of failures to replicate. 
C)  use different procedures to replicate a research finding. 
D)  use a variety of procedures to replicate findings,solve replication problems and help with generalization. 
A)  help us to generalize beyond single operational definitions of variables. 
B)  solve the problems of failures to replicate. 
C)  use different procedures to replicate a research finding. 
D)  use a variety of procedures to replicate findings,solve replication problems and help with generalization.

Question 15

A researcher replicates a past study manipulating the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions.This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural 
B)  abstract 
C)  exact 
D)  conceptual 
A)  procedural 
B)  abstract 
C)  exact 
D)  conceptual

Question 16

The presence of an interaction between gender and age of participants in a study indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  the results of the study are flawed. 
B)  age is a more important variable than gender. 
C)  the results for males cannot be generalized to females. 
D)  there is no relationship between age and gender. 
A)  the results of the study are flawed. 
B)  age is a more important variable than gender. 
C)  the results for males cannot be generalized to females. 
D)  there is no relationship between age and gender.

Question 17

Ellen has read a number of studies on the effect of physical attractiveness on judgments of an individual's personality characteristics.She then writes a paper in which she categorizes the findings and draws her conclusions based on her summaries of the studies.Ellen has most likely conducted a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  categorization analysis. 
B)  meta-analysis. 
C)  literature review. 
D)  meta-categorization. 
A)  categorization analysis. 
B)  meta-analysis. 
C)  literature review. 
D)  meta-categorization.

Question 18

External validity refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  adequacy of the experimental design. 
B)  the effectiveness of the manipulation of the independent variable. 
C)  generalizability of the results. 
D)  practical application of the research findings. 
A)  adequacy of the experimental design. 
B)  the effectiveness of the manipulation of the independent variable. 
C)  generalizability of the results. 
D)  practical application of the research findings.

Question 19

Conceptual replications often involve changing the way that either the independent variable is manipulated,or the dependent variable is measured.In addition to enhancing external validity of the study,this process also increases the ______________ of the measure.

Accepted Answer

A)  internal validity 
B)  face validity 
C)  accuracy 
D)  construct validity 
A)  internal validity 
B)  face validity 
C)  accuracy 
D)  construct validity

Question 20

One of the most important features of _______ is the focus on ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  literature reviews;replications 
B)  meta-analysis;statistical interactions 
C)  literature reviews;meta- analysis 
D)  meta-analysis;effect size 
A)  literature reviews;replications 
B)  meta-analysis;statistical interactions 
C)  literature reviews;meta- analysis 
D)  meta-analysis;effect size

A researcher decides to conduct a research study in the laboratory as opposed to as a field experiment.This decision can

Many studies are dependent on the use of volunteers.Volunteers differ from non-volunteers in that volunteers tend to be more

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to

Dr.Vasquez used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies that studied the effects of exercise on mood.Dr.Vasquez has probably conducted a(n)

The problem of generalizing to other experimenters may be reduced by using

When a researcher attempts to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained,he has conducted which type of replication?

The use of only college students,volunteers,or participants from one locale _ the _ of the study.

Henrich et al.(2010)have questioned the external validity of any studies using WEIRD participants.Their criticisms focus on the fact that such participants

Conceptual replications are ________ exact replications.

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations,the study is said to have

A Solomon four-group design

An important consideration in the external validity of research is

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes towards their supervisors,Les surveys 25 police officers from the day shift.In order to ensure the finding has external validity,Les should

Conceptual replications

A researcher replicates a past study manipulating the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions.This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

The presence of an interaction between gender and age of participants in a study indicates that

Ellen has read a number of studies on the effect of physical attractiveness on judgments of an individual's personality characteristics.She then writes a paper in which she categorizes the findings and draws her conclusions based on her summaries of the studies.Ellen has most likely conducted a(n)

External validity refers to the

Conceptual replications often involve changing the way that either the independent variable is manipulated,or the dependent variable is measured.In addition to enhancing external validity of the study,this process also increases the ______________ of the measure.

One of the most important features of _ is the focus on .

Scientific Understanding of Behaviour

Where to Start

Ethical Research

Research Design Fundamentals

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Studies

Complex Experimental Designs

Research Designs for Special Circumstances

Understanding Research Results: Describ-Ingvariables and Relationships Among Them

Understanding Research Results: Statistical-Inference Basics

Filters

Exam 14: Generalizing Results

A researcher decides to conduct a research study in the laboratory as opposed to as a field experiment.This decision can

Many studies are dependent on the use of volunteers.Volunteers differ from non-volunteers in that volunteers tend to be more

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to

Dr.Vasquez used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies that studied the effects of exercise on mood.Dr.Vasquez has probably conducted a(n)

The problem of generalizing to other experimenters may be reduced by using

When a researcher attempts to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained,he has conducted which type of replication?

The use of only college students,volunteers,or participants from one locale _____ the _____ of the study.

Henrich et al.(2010)have questioned the external validity of any studies using WEIRD participants.Their criticisms focus on the fact that such participants

Conceptual replications are ________ exact replications.

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations,the study is said to have

A Solomon four-group design

An important consideration in the external validity of research is

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes towards their supervisors,Les surveys 25 police officers from the day shift.In order to ensure the finding has external validity,Les should

Conceptual replications

A researcher replicates a past study manipulating the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions.This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

The presence of an interaction between gender and age of participants in a study indicates that

Ellen has read a number of studies on the effect of physical attractiveness on judgments of an individual's personality characteristics.She then writes a paper in which she categorizes the findings and draws her conclusions based on her summaries of the studies.Ellen has most likely conducted a(n)

External validity refers to the

Conceptual replications often involve changing the way that either the independent variable is manipulated,or the dependent variable is measured.In addition to enhancing external validity of the study,this process also increases the ______________ of the measure.

One of the most important features of _______ is the focus on ______.

Scientific Understanding of Behaviour

Where to Start

Ethical Research

Research Design Fundamentals

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Studies

Complex Experimental Designs

Research Designs for Special Circumstances

Understanding Research Results: Describ-Ingvariables and Relationships Among Them

Understanding Research Results: Statistical-Inference Basics

Filters

The use of only college students,volunteers,or participants from one locale _ the _ of the study.

One of the most important features of _ is the focus on .