Question 1

Autonomy and informed consent may reduce the external validity of a research study because

Accepted Answer

A)  participants are likely to be deceived. 
B)  participants will commonly be undergraduate psychology students. 
C)  participants typically volunteer to take part in the research study. 
D)  these principles reduce the probability that women will take part in research studies. 
A)  participants are likely to be deceived. 
B)  participants will commonly be undergraduate psychology students. 
C)  participants typically volunteer to take part in the research study. 
D)  these principles reduce the probability that women will take part in research studies.

Question 2

Sally decides to conduct an exact replication of an experiment she has just read about in a research journal.If Sally does not obtain the same results reported in the original study,what might be responsible for her failure to replicate the results?

Accepted Answer

A)  The replication attempt was flawed. 
B)  The original author omitted an important aspect of the procedure. 
C)  The original results represent a Type I error. 
D)  There are several possible reasons as to why Sally's replication might not yield the same results as the original study. 
A)  The replication attempt was flawed. 
B)  The original author omitted an important aspect of the procedure. 
C)  The original results represent a Type I error. 
D)  There are several possible reasons as to why Sally's replication might not yield the same results as the original study.

Question 3

A _____ is a set of statistical procedures for combining the results from a number of studies in order to provide a general assessment of the relationship between variables.

Accepted Answer

A)  combined assignment 
B)  field experiment 
C)  literature review 
D)  meta-analysis 
A)  combined assignment 
B)  field experiment 
C)  literature review 
D)  meta-analysis

Question 4

Pretesting for scores on the dependent variable

Accepted Answer

A)  is a good way to be sure that groups are equivalent before they experience the independent variable. 
B)  allows the experimenter to assess mortality effects. 
C)  can limit the generalizability of the results. 
D)  examines group equivalence and can assess mortality effects. 
A)  is a good way to be sure that groups are equivalent before they experience the independent variable. 
B)  allows the experimenter to assess mortality effects. 
C)  can limit the generalizability of the results. 
D)  examines group equivalence and can assess mortality effects.

Question 5

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggest

Accepted Answer

A)  similar results. 
B)  dissimilar results. 
C)  independent variables in field experiments be manipulated differently than laboratory experiments. 
D)  studies in laboratory experiments not be conducted in a natural setting. 
A)  similar results. 
B)  dissimilar results. 
C)  independent variables in field experiments be manipulated differently than laboratory experiments. 
D)  studies in laboratory experiments not be conducted in a natural setting.

Question 6

If an interaction between gender and room temperature on task performance is found,the results suggest

Accepted Answer

A)  males and females respond the same way regardless of temperature. 
B)  temperature has no effect on task performance. 
C)  the findings for males cannot be generalized to females. 
D)  performance is not influenced by gender or temperature. 
A)  males and females respond the same way regardless of temperature. 
B)  temperature has no effect on task performance. 
C)  the findings for males cannot be generalized to females. 
D)  performance is not influenced by gender or temperature.

Question 7

Compared to the general population,college students tend to be

Accepted Answer

A)  young and middle to upper class socioeconomic status. 
B)  young,high in need for peer approval. 
C)  young and high in cognitive skills. 
D)  young,high in cognitive skills,and high in need for peer approval. 
A)  young and middle to upper class socioeconomic status. 
B)  young,high in need for peer approval. 
C)  young and high in cognitive skills. 
D)  young,high in cognitive skills,and high in need for peer approval.

Question 8

Failure to replicate findings shares the same problems as ________ because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  non-significant findings;it is difficult to interpret results 
B)  non-significant findings;it won't get published 
C)  Type I errors;the probability of error cannot be determined 
D)  Type II errors;the probability of error cannot be determined 
A)  non-significant findings;it is difficult to interpret results 
B)  non-significant findings;it won't get published 
C)  Type I errors;the probability of error cannot be determined 
D)  Type II errors;the probability of error cannot be determined

Question 9

A study examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases would demonstrate external validity among college students by

Accepted Answer

A)  sampling only students enrolled at colleges that have not raised tuition. 
B)  lowering tuition one semester and raising tuition the next semester. 
C)  finding a difference in attitudes between students who have experienced tuition increases and students who have not experienced tuition increases. 
D)  showing the results generalize to college students from other colleges. 
A)  sampling only students enrolled at colleges that have not raised tuition. 
B)  lowering tuition one semester and raising tuition the next semester. 
C)  finding a difference in attitudes between students who have experienced tuition increases and students who have not experienced tuition increases. 
D)  showing the results generalize to college students from other colleges.

Question 10

A failure to replicate a study may mean that

Accepted Answer

A)  the original results represent a Type I error. 
B)  the experimenter was careless or incompetent. 
C)  a crucial aspect of the original procedure was omitted in the report. 
D)  the experimenter may have been careless or the original results represent a Type I error or a critical aspect of the original procedure may have been omitted. 
A)  the original results represent a Type I error. 
B)  the experimenter was careless or incompetent. 
C)  a crucial aspect of the original procedure was omitted in the report. 
D)  the experimenter may have been careless or the original results represent a Type I error or a critical aspect of the original procedure may have been omitted.

Question 11

An alternative to traditional literature reviews which uses new statistical procedures to draw conclusions about a research area is

Accepted Answer

A)  science citation analysis. 
B)  critical theory. 
C)  meta-analysis. 
D)  keyword analysis. 
A)  science citation analysis. 
B)  critical theory. 
C)  meta-analysis. 
D)  keyword analysis.

Question 12

Under which circumstance described below would you conduct a replication?

Accepted Answer

A)  You want to show that a particular set of results will recur using different operational definitions for the independent variables. 
B)  You want to show that a particular set of results will not recur using a different operational definition for the independent variables. 
C)  You believe the results as reported and want to convince yourself the effect is real. 
D)  You have studied other successful replications but want to be certain that you are able to achieve the same results. 
A)  You want to show that a particular set of results will recur using different operational definitions for the independent variables. 
B)  You want to show that a particular set of results will not recur using a different operational definition for the independent variables. 
C)  You believe the results as reported and want to convince yourself the effect is real. 
D)  You have studied other successful replications but want to be certain that you are able to achieve the same results.

Question 13

Participants in most research studies differ from the general population by several characteristics including age and intelligence.As a result of these differences

Accepted Answer

A)  most studies completely lack external validity 
B)  most studies completely lack internal validity 
C)  researchers should only provide qualified generalizations to the general population 
D)  researchers should only provide qualified statements of causality 
A)  most studies completely lack external validity 
B)  most studies completely lack internal validity 
C)  researchers should only provide qualified generalizations to the general population 
D)  researchers should only provide qualified statements of causality

Question 14

A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by the consumer.Surveying a sample of housewives,they find the most preferred brand is "White Suds." Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  People really don't care about laundry products. 
B)  Laundry soaps do not differ between manufacturers. 
C)  The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry. 
D)  White Suds is only available in a limited market. 
A)  People really don't care about laundry products. 
B)  Laundry soaps do not differ between manufacturers. 
C)  The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry. 
D)  White Suds is only available in a limited market.

Question 15

One way to increase our knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to

Accepted Answer

A)  use only white male sophomores in Los Angeles. 
B)  use relevant subject variables in the experimental design. 
C)  use volunteers only. 
D)  prohibit research on animals. 
A)  use only white male sophomores in Los Angeles. 
B)  use relevant subject variables in the experimental design. 
C)  use volunteers only. 
D)  prohibit research on animals.

Question 16

The text stresses the importance of ________ in establishing generalizations.

Accepted Answer

A)  pretests 
B)  interactions 
C)  replications 
D)  field experiments 
A)  pretests 
B)  interactions 
C)  replications 
D)  field experiments

Question 17

A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include

Accepted Answer

A)  good reasons why the study's effects would not be found in other groups. 
B)  good reasons for changing the procedure to accommodate other variables. 
C)  references to ways to eliminate the demand characteristics found in the study. 
D)  good reasons why the college students are representative of the population. 
A)  good reasons why the study's effects would not be found in other groups. 
B)  good reasons for changing the procedure to accommodate other variables. 
C)  references to ways to eliminate the demand characteristics found in the study. 
D)  good reasons why the college students are representative of the population.

Question 18

In studies that use human participants,the most common population studied is

Accepted Answer

A)  older adults. 
B)  children. 
C)  college students. 
D)  psychiatric patients. 
A)  older adults. 
B)  children. 
C)  college students. 
D)  psychiatric patients.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct regarding results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both tend to produce the same results. 
B)  The magnitude of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar. 
C)  Laboratory and field experiments should be considered in isolation. 
D)  The results tend to be complementary rather than contradictory. 
A)  Both tend to produce the same results. 
B)  The magnitude of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very similar. 
C)  Laboratory and field experiments should be considered in isolation. 
D)  The results tend to be complementary rather than contradictory.

Question 20

Dr.Salt found that college students (ages 18-23)performed better on a cognitive task when tested under a low noise condition than a high noise condition.Dr.Aludard wants to repeat the study by adding age as a variable (18-23 and 65-74).Dr.Aludard predicts an interaction between the age and noise variables.Dr.Aludard is questioning the _____ validity of the original study.

Accepted Answer

A)  statistical 
B)  external 
C)  internal 
D)  interactional 
A)  statistical 
B)  external 
C)  internal 
D)  interactional

Autonomy and informed consent may reduce the external validity of a research study because

Sally decides to conduct an exact replication of an experiment she has just read about in a research journal.If Sally does not obtain the same results reported in the original study,what might be responsible for her failure to replicate the results?

A _____ is a set of statistical procedures for combining the results from a number of studies in order to provide a general assessment of the relationship between variables.

Pretesting for scores on the dependent variable

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggest

If an interaction between gender and room temperature on task performance is found,the results suggest

Compared to the general population,college students tend to be

Failure to replicate findings shares the same problems as because .

A study examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases would demonstrate external validity among college students by

A failure to replicate a study may mean that

An alternative to traditional literature reviews which uses new statistical procedures to draw conclusions about a research area is

Under which circumstance described below would you conduct a replication?

Participants in most research studies differ from the general population by several characteristics including age and intelligence.As a result of these differences

A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by the consumer.Surveying a sample of housewives,they find the most preferred brand is "White Suds." Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study?

One way to increase our knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to

The text stresses the importance of ________ in establishing generalizations.

A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include

In studies that use human participants,the most common population studied is

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct regarding results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

Scientific Understanding of Behaviour

Where to Start

Ethical Research

Research Design Fundamentals

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Studies

Complex Experimental Designs

Research Designs for Special Circumstances

Understanding Research Results: Describ-Ingvariables and Relationships Among Them

Understanding Research Results: Statistical-Inference Basics

Filters

Exam 14: Generalizing Results

Autonomy and informed consent may reduce the external validity of a research study because

Sally decides to conduct an exact replication of an experiment she has just read about in a research journal.If Sally does not obtain the same results reported in the original study,what might be responsible for her failure to replicate the results?

A _____ is a set of statistical procedures for combining the results from a number of studies in order to provide a general assessment of the relationship between variables.

Pretesting for scores on the dependent variable

Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggest

If an interaction between gender and room temperature on task performance is found,the results suggest

Compared to the general population,college students tend to be

Failure to replicate findings shares the same problems as ________ because ________.

A study examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases would demonstrate external validity among college students by

A failure to replicate a study may mean that

An alternative to traditional literature reviews which uses new statistical procedures to draw conclusions about a research area is

Under which circumstance described below would you conduct a replication?

Participants in most research studies differ from the general population by several characteristics including age and intelligence.As a result of these differences

A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by the consumer.Surveying a sample of housewives,they find the most preferred brand is "White Suds." Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study?

One way to increase our knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to

The text stresses the importance of ________ in establishing generalizations.

A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include

In studies that use human participants,the most common population studied is

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct regarding results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables?

Scientific Understanding of Behaviour

Where to Start

Ethical Research

Research Design Fundamentals

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Studies

Complex Experimental Designs

Research Designs for Special Circumstances

Understanding Research Results: Describ-Ingvariables and Relationships Among Them

Understanding Research Results: Statistical-Inference Basics

Filters

Failure to replicate findings shares the same problems as because .