Question 1

A major advantage of single-subject research compared to group research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  The experiment can be modified on the spot, allowing flexibility in design 
B)  There are no ethical problems with single-subject designs 
C)  There are no practical problems with single-subject designs 
D)  Group designs cannot detect differences well 
A)  The experiment can be modified on the spot, allowing flexibility in design 
B)  There are no ethical problems with single-subject designs 
C)  There are no practical problems with single-subject designs 
D)  Group designs cannot detect differences well A

Question 2

Early researchers used the single-subject approach extensively mainly because

Accepted Answer

A)  they disdained the use of statistics 
B)  they did not have regular access to groups of individuals 
C)  the discovery that human traits followed the normal curve had not yet been made 
D)  modern statistical methods did not yet exist 
A)  they disdained the use of statistics 
B)  they did not have regular access to groups of individuals 
C)  the discovery that human traits followed the normal curve had not yet been made 
D)  modern statistical methods did not yet exist D

Question 3

Consider the following hypothetical experiment: A researcher conducted a study to decrease the frequency with which a college professor used the words "uh" and "you know" during his lectures.The treatment consisted of a small signal at the back of the room which the experimenter flashed each time the professor uttered one of the verbal phrases targeted for extinction.An A-B-A design was used to assess the treatment effect.The results indicated a high baseline frequency of the behaviors,followed by a dramatic decrease in frequency when the treatment was initiated.The behaviors increased again when the treatment was withdrawn.Describe an alternative single-subject design that might be used to demonstrate a treatment effect.

Accepted Answer

An alternative single-subject design that could be used to demonstrate a treatment effect in this scenario is a multiple baseline design. In this design, the treatment is implemented at different times for different behaviors or in different settings for the same behavior. For example, the researcher could implement the treatment for the use of "uh" and "you know" in one lecture, while keeping the treatment withdrawn in another lecture as a control. This allows for a comparison of the behavior across different conditions and provides a stronger demonstration of the treatment effect. Additionally, by implementing the treatment at different times or in different settings, the researcher can also demonstrate the generalizability of the treatment effect. This design would provide a more robust demonstration of the effectiveness of the treatment in reducing the frequency of the targeted verbal phrases.

Question 4

Maya wanted to learn to play the piano well,but she hated to practice.Her teacher felt that she should be practicing for an hour a day,but she just couldn't manage to do it.Her mother made a deal with her.Maya would be asked to practice twice a day,and each time that she practiced for 30 minutes,she would receive a reward.Her mother told her that since she wasn't sure which reward would be best for her,she would receive either extra dessert after dinner or $2.00 for each practice that lasted 30 minutes.Her mother alternated the rewards,and kept track of which system resulted in the most immediate increases in the number of minutes practiced.Maya's mother found that the money improved the practice best.
a.What was the Independent Variable(s)?
b.What was the Dependent Variable(s)?
c.What Single Subject design is used in the story?
d.Draw a graph to illustrate the design.

Accepted Answer

a. The independent variable in this scen

Question 5

When naming single-subject designs,an "A" in the title refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  Intervention 
B)  Baseline 
C)  First subject 
D)  Validity 
A)  Intervention 
B)  Baseline 
C)  First subject 
D)  Validity

Question 6

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A design?

Accepted Answer

A)  repeating the treatments 
B)  measuring the behavior before, during, and after treatment 
C)  withdrawing the treatments 
D)  obtaining a stable baseline 
A)  repeating the treatments 
B)  measuring the behavior before, during, and after treatment 
C)  withdrawing the treatments 
D)  obtaining a stable baseline

Question 7

I obtained a baseline level of John's cooking behavior of 25% of the meals without praise.I then highly praised his cooking behavior,and it increased to 85% of the meals.Later,I stopped praising his cooking,and his behavior began to drop back to its baseline level.What sort of design was I using?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple Baseline 
B)  ABA 
C)  Alternating-treatments 
D)  Reversal Replication 
A)  Multiple Baseline 
B)  ABA 
C)  Alternating-treatments 
D)  Reversal Replication

Question 8

The discovery that human traits followed the normal curve was made by

Accepted Answer

A)  Sir Francis Galton 
B)  R.A. Fisher 
C) E.B. Titchener 
D)  Adolphe Quetelet 
E) B. Titchener 
A)  Sir Francis Galton 
B)  R.A. Fisher 
C) E.B. Titchener 
D)  Adolphe Quetelet 
E) B. Titchener

Question 9

A single-subject research design that manipulates treatments one at a time to determine their effect is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple-baseline design 
B)  changing criterion design 
C)  alternating treatments design 
D)  A-B-A-B design 
A)  multiple-baseline design 
B)  changing criterion design 
C)  alternating treatments design 
D)  A-B-A-B design

Question 10

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the researcher does not have to be concerned with validity 
B)  the knowledge gained can also be generalized to groups 
C)  Individuals always act as their own controls 
D)  it is better suited for answering the question: "Which factor is the most effective?" 
A)  the researcher does not have to be concerned with validity 
B)  the knowledge gained can also be generalized to groups 
C)  Individuals always act as their own controls 
D)  it is better suited for answering the question: "Which factor is the most effective?"

Question 11

Compare and contrast group designs with the single-subject approach.What are the advantages of the single-subject design? Disadvantages?

Accepted Answer

Group designs and single-subject designs

Question 12

When is the changing-criterion design an appropriate design to use? When

Accepted Answer

A)  the behavior change is reversible 
B)  the behavior change is irreversible 
C)  the behavior is difficult to measure 
D)  it is impossible to obtain stable baseline behavior 
A)  the behavior change is reversible 
B)  the behavior change is irreversible 
C)  the behavior is difficult to measure 
D)  it is impossible to obtain stable baseline behavior

Question 13

Which one of the following strategies is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research?

Accepted Answer

A)  withdrawing the treatment 
B)  repeating treatments 
C)  using multiple baselines 
D)  changing more than one variable at a time 
A)  withdrawing the treatment 
B)  repeating treatments 
C)  using multiple baselines 
D)  changing more than one variable at a time

Question 14

Madge took special classes from Barbie to improve her spelling.Barbie first tested Madge's current spelling ability.Barbie was not sure what teaching method would work best,so she tried 3 different ones: positive practice,positive reinforcement,and correction.She tried a different method during each class,testing Madge's spelling at the end of the day.What design was Barbie using?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alternating Treatment 
B)  Changing Criterion 
C)  Multiple Baseline 
D)  Interaction Design 
A)  Alternating Treatment 
B)  Changing Criterion 
C)  Multiple Baseline 
D)  Interaction Design

Question 15

Marla conducts a study to gradually teach a poodle to jump through a flaming hoop.At each session,Marla introduces a more stringent set of guidelines before reinforcing the poodle.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  changing-criterion design 
B)  A-B-A-B design 
C)  multiple-baseline design 
D)  interaction design 
A)  changing-criterion design 
B)  A-B-A-B design 
C)  multiple-baseline design 
D)  interaction design

Question 16

A researcher assesses the effects of two different kinds of punishment on a reversible behavior.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  A-B-A-B design 
B)  Alternating treatments design 
C)  Multiple-baseline design 
D)  Changing-criterion design 
A)  A-B-A-B design 
B)  Alternating treatments design 
C)  Multiple-baseline design 
D)  Changing-criterion design

Question 17

A researcher conducts a study to bring about permanent changes in three different behaviors in a single subject.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  A-B-A-B design 
B)  interaction design 
C)  multiple-baseline design 
D)  changing-criterion design 
A)  A-B-A-B design 
B)  interaction design 
C)  multiple-baseline design 
D)  changing-criterion design

Question 18

Define and/or describe the term "statistical power".

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define and/or describe the term "statistical power"....

Question 19

The term power refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the probability of committing a Type I error 
B)  the probability of committing a Type II error 
C)  the probability that a statistical test will find a significant difference when a true difference exists in the population 
D)  the probability that a statistical test will account for the unexplained variability 
A)  the probability of committing a Type I error 
B)  the probability of committing a Type II error 
C)  the probability that a statistical test will find a significant difference when a true difference exists in the population 
D)  the probability that a statistical test will account for the unexplained variability

Question 20

Obtaining baseline stability:

Accepted Answer

A)  is an objective process 
B)  is not always possible 
C)  is always necessary 
D)  can best be accomplished using modern statistical methods 
A)  is an objective process 
B)  is not always possible 
C)  is always necessary 
D)  can best be accomplished using modern statistical methods

A major advantage of single-subject research compared to group research is that

Early researchers used the single-subject approach extensively mainly because

When naming single-subject designs,an "A" in the title refers to the

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A design?

I obtained a baseline level of John's cooking behavior of 25% of the meals without praise.I then highly praised his cooking behavior,and it increased to 85% of the meals.Later,I stopped praising his cooking,and his behavior began to drop back to its baseline level.What sort of design was I using?

The discovery that human traits followed the normal curve was made by

A single-subject research design that manipulates treatments one at a time to determine their effect is the:

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Compare and contrast group designs with the single-subject approach.What are the advantages of the single-subject design? Disadvantages?

When is the changing-criterion design an appropriate design to use? When

Which one of the following strategies is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research?

Marla conducts a study to gradually teach a poodle to jump through a flaming hoop.At each session,Marla introduces a more stringent set of guidelines before reinforcing the poodle.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

A researcher assesses the effects of two different kinds of punishment on a reversible behavior.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

A researcher conducts a study to bring about permanent changes in three different behaviors in a single subject.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Define and/or describe the term "statistical power".

The term power refers to:

Obtaining baseline stability:

Psychology and Science

Developing a Research Question

Ethics in Research

Writing in Psychology

Variables

Tabular and Graphical Description of Data

Validity

Control

Nonexperimental Research, part 1: Observational, archival, and Case-Study Research

Nonexperimental Research, part 2: Survey Research

True Experiments, part 1: Single-Factor Designs

True Experiments, part 2: Factorial Designs

Quasi Experiments

Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology

Filters

Exam 13: Single-Subject Experiments

A major advantage of single-subject research compared to group research is that

Early researchers used the single-subject approach extensively mainly because

When naming single-subject designs,an "A" in the title refers to the

Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A design?

I obtained a baseline level of John's cooking behavior of 25% of the meals without praise.I then highly praised his cooking behavior,and it increased to 85% of the meals.Later,I stopped praising his cooking,and his behavior began to drop back to its baseline level.What sort of design was I using?

The discovery that human traits followed the normal curve was made by

A single-subject research design that manipulates treatments one at a time to determine their effect is the:

A major advantage of single-subject research over group research is that

Compare and contrast group designs with the single-subject approach.What are the advantages of the single-subject design? Disadvantages?

When is the changing-criterion design an appropriate design to use? When

Which one of the following strategies is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research?

Marla conducts a study to gradually teach a poodle to jump through a flaming hoop.At each session,Marla introduces a more stringent set of guidelines before reinforcing the poodle.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

A researcher assesses the effects of two different kinds of punishment on a reversible behavior.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

A researcher conducts a study to bring about permanent changes in three different behaviors in a single subject.Which one of the following designs would be most appropriate for this study?

Define and/or describe the term "statistical power".

The term power refers to:

Obtaining baseline stability:

Psychology and Science

Developing a Research Question

Ethics in Research

Writing in Psychology

Variables

Tabular and Graphical Description of Data

Validity

Control

Nonexperimental Research, part 1: Observational, archival, and Case-Study Research

Nonexperimental Research, part 2: Survey Research

True Experiments, part 1: Single-Factor Designs

True Experiments, part 2: Factorial Designs

Quasi Experiments

Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology

Filters