Question 1

How do the effects on the nervous system differ between botulism and tetanus?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory failure is common to both tetanus and botulism but there are key differences in the effects of the exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani on the nervous system.Tetanus toxin blocks postsynaptic inhibition of the spinal motor reflexes of anterior horn cells and leads to spasmodic muscle contractions.Botulinum toxin,in contrast,blocks acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction,leading to muscular paralysis and permanent damage to affected nerves.

Question 2

Explain the similarities and differences between the two types of polio vaccine.Which is recommended for immunocompromised patients and why?

Accepted Answer

The two polio vaccines were developed in the 1950s and both contain all three serotypes of the polio virus,effectively inhibiting infection.They differ in that one is an inactive form and the other a live attenuated vaccine.Although immunization has effectively wiped out polio in most developing countries there have been cases attributed to reversion of the virus to its infectious form in the live attenuate vaccine.For this reason the inactive form is recommended for immunocompromised patients.

Question 3

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: The pathology of prion infections occurs because of the multiplication of normal prion proteins by contact with infectious prions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Discuss how prions differ from conventional pathogens that cause persistent infections of the central nervous system.Name four diseases caused by prions in humans.

Accepted Answer

Prions are proteins encoded by host gene

Question 5

Compare abortive to paralytic polio in relation to the following statement: It is a non-specific febrile illness.

Accepted Answer

A) Abortive 
B) Paralytic 
C) Both abortive and paralytic 
D) Neither abortive or paralytic 
A) Abortive 
B) Paralytic 
C) Both abortive and paralytic 
D) Neither abortive or paralytic

Question 6

The mortality rate for rabies is

Accepted Answer

A) 10% 
B) 20% 
C) 50% 
D) 90% 
E) 100% 
A) 10% 
B) 20% 
C) 50% 
D) 90% 
E) 100%

Question 7

Explain why swelling in the central nervous system (CNS)poses potentially harmful consequences.Identify and differentiate two different forms of swelling in the nervous tissue.

Accepted Answer

The CNS is enclosed by the skull bone an

Question 8

Describe the three forms of botulism.

Accepted Answer

The three forms of botulism are foodborn

Question 9

Since its introduction in 1990,a vaccine administered to children to prevent infections by _____ has markedly decreased the number of cases of meningitis caused by this pathogen.

Accepted Answer

A) Rubella virus 
B) Measles virus 
C) Streptococcus pneumoniae 
D) Haemophilus influenzae type b 
E) Polio virus 
A) Rubella virus 
B) Measles virus 
C) Streptococcus pneumoniae 
D) Haemophilus influenzae type b 
E) Polio virus

Question 10

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Spongiform is a term used to describe prion diseases because of the vacuoles seen in the brain cortex and cerebellum.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The _____ restricts the translocation of material between the blood and the central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

A) Cerebrospinal fluid 
B) Skull bone 
C) Arachnoid mater 
D) Blood-brain barrier 
E) Cerebrum 
A) Cerebrospinal fluid 
B) Skull bone 
C) Arachnoid mater 
D) Blood-brain barrier 
E) Cerebrum

Question 12

The _____ provides nutrients and removes cellular waste from the central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

A) Dura mater 
B) Capillary endothelium 
C) Cerebrospinal fluid 
D) Pia mater 
A) Dura mater 
B) Capillary endothelium 
C) Cerebrospinal fluid 
D) Pia mater

Question 13

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Because botulism is caused by an endotoxin,antibiotic therapy is given to patients with the wound form.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Because the exotoxin is the problem not the bacteria,antibiotic treatment of the bacterial infection is ineffective.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

All of the following describe characteristics shared by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum except

Accepted Answer

A) They are both Gram-positive 
B) They both form spores 
C) They both have mortality rates of about 10-20% in untreated individuals 
D) They both produce exotoxins in the vegetative state 
E) They are both found in soil 
A) They are both Gram-positive 
B) They both form spores 
C) They both have mortality rates of about 10-20% in untreated individuals 
D) They both produce exotoxins in the vegetative state 
E) They are both found in soil

Question 16

Compare abortive to paralytic polio in relation to the following statement: Recovery can 	take six months.

Accepted Answer

A) Abortive 
B) Paralytic 
C) Both abortive and paralytic 
D) Neither abortive or paralytic 
A) Abortive 
B) Paralytic 
C) Both abortive and paralytic 
D) Neither abortive or paralytic

Question 17

Which of the following show symptoms of respiratory paralysis or failure?

Accepted Answer

A) Polio 
B) Rabies 
C) Tetanus 
D) Botulism 
E) All of the above 
A) Polio 
B) Rabies 
C) Tetanus 
D) Botulism 
E) All of the above

Question 18

All of the following regarding rabies are correct except

Accepted Answer

A) Transmitted by infected secretions 
B) Irreversibly fatal if symptoms develop without vaccination 
C) Early immunization can block invasion of nervous tissue 
D) A common symptom is dry mouth 
E) Can be transmitted by inhalation 
A) Transmitted by infected secretions 
B) Irreversibly fatal if symptoms develop without vaccination 
C) Early immunization can block invasion of nervous tissue 
D) A common symptom is dry mouth 
E) Can be transmitted by inhalation

Question 19

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: It is important to know which organism is producing the meningitis,because the severity of the illness as well as the treatment will differ.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

All of the following are layers of the meninges except

Accepted Answer

A) Pia mater 
B) Arachnoid mater 
C) Choroid mater 
D) Dura mater 
A) Pia mater 
B) Arachnoid mater 
C) Choroid mater 
D) Dura mater

Exam 24: Infections of the Central Nervous System

How do the effects on the nervous system differ between botulism and tetanus?

Explain the similarities and differences between the two types of polio vaccine.Which is recommended for immunocompromised patients and why?

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: The pathology of prion infections occurs because of the multiplication of normal prion proteins by contact with infectious prions.

Discuss how prions differ from conventional pathogens that cause persistent infections of the central nervous system.Name four diseases caused by prions in humans.

Compare abortive to paralytic polio in relation to the following statement: It is a non-specific febrile illness.

The mortality rate for rabies is

Explain why swelling in the central nervous system (CNS)poses potentially harmful consequences.Identify and differentiate two different forms of swelling in the nervous tissue.

Describe the three forms of botulism.

Since its introduction in 1990,a vaccine administered to children to prevent infections by _____ has markedly decreased the number of cases of meningitis caused by this pathogen.

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Spongiform is a term used to describe prion diseases because of the vacuoles seen in the brain cortex and cerebellum.

The _____ restricts the translocation of material between the blood and the central nervous system.

The _____ provides nutrients and removes cellular waste from the central nervous system.

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Because botulism is caused by an endotoxin,antibiotic therapy is given to patients with the wound form.

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Because the exotoxin is the problem not the bacteria,antibiotic treatment of the bacterial infection is ineffective.

All of the following describe characteristics shared by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum except

Compare abortive to paralytic polio in relation to the following statement: Recovery can take six months.

Which of the following show symptoms of respiratory paralysis or failure?

All of the following regarding rabies are correct except

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: It is important to know which organism is producing the meningitis,because the severity of the illness as well as the treatment will differ.

All of the following are layers of the meninges except

What is Microbiology and Why Does it Matter?

Fundamental Chemistry for Microbiology

Essentials of Metabolism

An Introduction to Cell Structure and Host-Pathogen Relationships

Requirements for Infection

Transmission of Infection, the Compromised Host, Epidemiology, and Diagnosing Infections

Principles of Disease

Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease

The Clinical Significance of Bacterial Anatomy

Bacterial Growth

Microbial Genetics and Infectious Disease

The Structure and Infection Cycle of Viruses

Viral Infection

Parasitic and Fungal Infections

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Failures of the Immune Response

Control of Microbial Growth with Disinfectants and Antiseptics

Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Drugs

Antibiotic Resistance

Infections of the Respiratory System

Infections of the Digestive System

Infections of the Genitourinary System

Infections of the Blood and Lymph

Infections of the Skin and Eyes

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