Exam 8: Complex Designs

A researcher examined whether interrogators who expect a suspect to be guilty,rather than innocent,use more persuasive interrogation techniques.The researcher created a laboratory situation in which students were randomly assigned to actually commit a crime or not commit a crime by following a set of instructions given to them.This is referred to as "Suspect Status." Before student interrogators interviewed a suspect,they were randomly assigned to conditions that led them to believe the suspect was guilty or innocent of the crime.This is referred to as "Interrogator Expectation." Independent observers rated the effort used by interrogators to obtain a confession using a 1-10 rating scale (higher scores indicate greater effort).Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: Describe the design of this experiment,including the type of variables,and identify the conditions created using factorial combination.

A researcher examined whether people's responses to injustice depend on whether the offender in a hypothetical scenario is a male or a female,and whether the offender apologized (or not)after the offense.Participants were randomly assigned to the gender of the offender condition (female,male)and apology condition (present,absent). Participants read a hypothetical scenario in which a person (male or female)acted unjustly and the action results in severe harm.Half of the participants read that the offender apologized; the other half read the same scenario except no apology was mentioned.Participants then rated the extent to which they would forgive the offender using a 0 (no forgiveness)to 9 (complete forgiveness)rating scale.The researcher predicted that participants' forgiveness would be greater following an apology compared to the apology-absent condition.The researcher also predicted that the gender of the offender would have no effect on forgiveness. The researcher observed the following means: Describe what effects might be statistically significant if this researcher computed an analysis of variance.

In a complex design in which there are three independent variables (A,B,C)it is possible to determine

Which of the following statements is true?

learning strategy B will be better than learning strategy A for difficult material,but the strategies will produce little difference in test results for easy material. How many participants would be needed in each condition if both variables were manipulated using random groups designs?

Interaction effects can play a special role in the natural groups design to help break the confoundings inherent in individual difference (subject)variables.Describe this role of interaction effects using the study comparing memory of musicians and nonmusicians described in the text.

A complex design always involves

A research study was done in which college students and elderly people were tested on three different cognitive tasks (spatial ability,memory,and vocabulary).Thus,six conditions were tested in the study.Which of the following best describes the study?

A researcher examined whether people's responses to injustice depend on whether the offender in a hypothetical scenario is a male or a female,and whether the offender apologized (or not)after the offense.Participants were randomly assigned to the gender of the offender condition (female,male)and apology condition (present,absent). Participants read a hypothetical scenario in which a person (male or female)acted unjustly and the action results in severe harm.Half of the participants read that the offender apologized; the other half read the same scenario except no apology was mentioned.Participants then rated the extent to which they would forgive the offender using a 0 (no forgiveness)to 9 (complete forgiveness)rating scale.The researcher predicted that participants' forgiveness would be greater following an apology compared to the apology-absent condition.The researcher also predicted that the gender of the offender would have no effect on forgiveness. The researcher observed the following means: What are the means for the main effect of the Apology variable? [Be sure to specify which mean belongs with each condition.]

Use this graph to answer the question that follow: Use the graph to determine the means for the main effect of the Age variable.[Be sure to specify which mean belongs with each condition.]

A potential solution to the problem of drawing causal inferences based on the natural groups design is to use a complex design involving a natural groups design for an individual differences variable along with a manipulated independent variable.An important key to this potential solution is to

.He is also interested in knowing whether high or low test-anxious individuals' performance is different for the computerized version of the two tests compared to the paper-and-pencil version of the tests.Within each anxiety group,he randomly assigns participants to either the computer version or the paper version of the GRE tests.Participants then complete both the verbal and quantitative tests of the GRE in the test version they've been assigned (computer or paper).Thus,each participant has two scores,a Verbal score and a Quantitative score. What is the manipulated independent groups variable in this study? What are the levels?

Suppose an independent variable does not have any effect on the dependent variable in a single-factor experiment.Which of the following is one of the reasons for being cautious about saying that the independent variable is irrelevant?

In a 2 * 2 design with the independent variables,Anxiety Level (Low,High)and Type of Test (Easy,Hard),which of the following would be one of the four conditions created using factorial combination?

learning strategy B will be better than learning strategy A for difficult material,but the strategies will produce little difference in test results for easy material. Identify the conditions of a complex design experiment that would be used to examine these variables (i.e.,factorial combination).

In a 2* 2 complex design experiment with a statistically significant interaction effect,the simple main effects analyses represent

Use this graph to answer the question that follow: In order to explain the interaction effect present in these data,describe two simple main effects.

A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals' GRE test performance.The personality variable he examined was individuals' level of introversion-extraversion.Based on questionnaire responses,each participant was classified as an "extravert" or an "introvert." The researcher manipulated arousal level by giving caffeine to participants prior to administering a practice GRE test.Participants were randomly assigned to a high-caffeine condition,a medium-caffeine condition,or the no-caffeine condition.All participants then completed a version of the quantitative portion of the GRE. Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: Identify the means for the main effect of each independent variable and indicate whether you believe the main effects would be statistically significant.

Researchers interested in factors that influence people's performance identified an interaction effect between stress level and the difficulty of the task.Performance on easy tasks was relatively better under high stress than under low stress; performance on difficult tasks was relatively better under low stress than under high stress.The researchers further found that the interaction effect of stress and difficulty was more pronounced for men than for women.The combined effect of the stress,difficulty,and gender independent variables represents a

Explain the role of an interaction effect in a complex design in establishing the external validity of each independent variable entering into the interaction effect.Be sure to describe what happens to external validity both when an interaction effect is and is not present.Finally,explain why you might be cautious in using interaction effects to establish the external validity of the effect of an independent variable.