Question 1

An example of a clean alternative fuel is

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrogen 
B)  methanol 
C)  E(85) ethanol 
D)  biodiesel 
E)  all of the above 
A)  hydrogen 
B)  methanol 
C)  E(85) ethanol 
D)  biodiesel 
E)  all of the above E

Question 2

Plug-in hybrids and hybrid vehicles are examples of partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Title II of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 strengthened regulations on motor vehicle emissions and fuels.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

According to a study conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, a uniform standard imposed on motor vehicles would be more cost-effective than a two-tiered standard.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

U.S. policy on mobile sources imposes more stringent controls on new vehicles, creating a bias against newer, and hence cleaner, motor vehicles.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The reported Air Quality Index (AQI) uses data from the EPA's monitoring of metropolitan statistical areas.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Ethanol (E85) is a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Photochemical smog is caused by a chemical reaction involving criteria pollutants in the presence of sunlight.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Mobile sources

Accepted Answer

A)  are major contributors to the formation of photochemical smog 
B)  release only small amounts of NOX and VOCs 
C)  play a minor role in the smog problem of Los Angeles 
D)  have not been linked scientifically to smog formation 
A)  are major contributors to the formation of photochemical smog 
B)  release only small amounts of NOX and VOCs 
C)  play a minor role in the smog problem of Los Angeles 
D)  have not been linked scientifically to smog formation

Question 10

In the United States, regulations on mobile sources

Accepted Answer

A)  are imposed only at the state and local levels of government 
B)  are outlined in Title II of the CAAA of 1990 
C)  are solely market-based 
D)  impose controls on vehicles only, with no regulations on fuels 
A)  are imposed only at the state and local levels of government 
B)  are outlined in Title II of the CAAA of 1990 
C)  are solely market-based 
D)  impose controls on vehicles only, with no regulations on fuels

Question 11

The recent U.S. national initiatives to control GHGs from mobile sources

Accepted Answer

A)  includes market-based components such as CO2 emissions trading 
B)  provides negative net benefits to society, according to estimates 
C)  will reduce carbon dioxide emissions but offers no savings of oil consumption 
D)  was finalized by the Department of Agriculture and the EPA 
A)  includes market-based components such as CO2 emissions trading 
B)  provides negative net benefits to society, according to estimates 
C)  will reduce carbon dioxide emissions but offers no savings of oil consumption 
D)  was finalized by the Department of Agriculture and the EPA

Question 12

Tax credits at the federal level are currently available for both hybrids and plug-in electric hybrids.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Under the new GHG emissions standards for mobile sources, light-duty vehicles will have to achieve an average emissions level of 250 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) for model year 2016.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Available market incentives for clean fuel vehicles

Accepted Answer

A)  include carbon allowances for purchasers of hybrid vehicles 
B)  no longer exist in the United States 
C)  are tax credits for purchasers of plug-in hybrids d are limited to international buyers of electric cars 
A)  include carbon allowances for purchasers of hybrid vehicles 
B)  no longer exist in the United States 
C)  are tax credits for purchasers of plug-in hybrids d are limited to international buyers of electric cars

Question 15

Among all identified transportation sources, off highway vehicle emissions are the largest contributors to the formation of photochemical smog.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Reformulated fuel contains more oxygen to permit more complete combustion and to lower carbon monoxide emissions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Controls on GHG emissions from mobile sources

Accepted Answer

A)  have been in place in the United States since the Clean Air Act of 1970 
B)  were recently established by the EPA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTS
A)  
C)  are implemented solely through CAFÉ standards issued by the EPA 
D)  apply solely to heavy-duty trucks and rail transport vehicles 
A)  have been in place in the United States since the Clean Air Act of 1970 
B)  were recently established by the EPA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTS
A)  
C)  are implemented solely through CAFÉ standards issued by the EPA 
D)  apply solely to heavy-duty trucks and rail transport vehicles

Question 18

Los Angeles County has the worst urban air quality across all major metropolitan areas in the United States. Automobile emissions contribute significantly to this problem. Assume the California Air Resources Board is considering whether to set a uniform emission standard or a regionally-based emission standard, where one standard is set for Los Angeles County and another for the rest of the state.
Marginal social benefits (MSB) and marginal social costs (MSC) for the two regions have been estimated as follows:
MSBabatement in LA County = 500 - 0.75A
MSBabatement in the rest of California = 150 - 0.25A
MSCabatement in all of California = 0.5A,
where A is the level of abatement of automobile emissions, and MSB and MSC are in millions of dollars.
a. Graph the MSB and MSC functions on the same diagram. Show the regionally-based set of standards (ALA and AREMAINDER) that should be recommended to achieve allocative efficiency in each region. Find the numerical value of each standard.
b. A uniform abatement standard (AST) is also being considered across the State of California of 300 units. Use the criterion of allocative efficiency to support or refute this alternative.

Accepted Answer

@#IMG-DLM&
Using algebra, the solutions are:
For L

Question 19

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is formed from concentration data collected from a monitoring network that measures hazardous air pollutants.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The use of uniform emissions standards on mobile sources generates a cost-effective solution.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

An example of a clean alternative fuel is

Plug-in hybrids and hybrid vehicles are examples of partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs).

Title II of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 strengthened regulations on motor vehicle emissions and fuels.

According to a study conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, a uniform standard imposed on motor vehicles would be more cost-effective than a two-tiered standard.

U.S. policy on mobile sources imposes more stringent controls on new vehicles, creating a bias against newer, and hence cleaner, motor vehicles.

The reported Air Quality Index (AQI) uses data from the EPA's monitoring of metropolitan statistical areas.

Ethanol (E85) is a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline.

Photochemical smog is caused by a chemical reaction involving criteria pollutants in the presence of sunlight.

Mobile sources

In the United States, regulations on mobile sources

The recent U.S. national initiatives to control GHGs from mobile sources

Tax credits at the federal level are currently available for both hybrids and plug-in electric hybrids.

Under the new GHG emissions standards for mobile sources, light-duty vehicles will have to achieve an average emissions level of 250 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂) for model year 2016.

Available market incentives for clean fuel vehicles

Among all identified transportation sources, off highway vehicle emissions are the largest contributors to the formation of photochemical smog.

Reformulated fuel contains more oxygen to permit more complete combustion and to lower carbon monoxide emissions.

Controls on GHG emissions from mobile sources

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is formed from concentration data collected from a monitoring network that measures hazardous air pollutants.

The use of uniform emissions standards on mobile sources generates a cost-effective solution.

The Role of Economics in Environmental Management

Modeling the Market Process: a Review of the Basics

Modeling Market Failure

Conventional Solutions to Environmental Problems: Command-And-Control Approach

Economic Solutions to Environmental Problems: the Market Approach

Environmental Risk Analysis

Assessing Benefits for Environmental Decision Making

Assessing Costs for Environmental Decision Making

Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental Decision Making

Defining Air Quality: the Standard-Setting Process

Improving Air Quality: Controlling Stationary Sources

Global Air Quality: Policies for Ozone Depletion and Climate Change

Defining Water Quality: the Standard-Setting Process

Improving Water Quality: Controlling Point and Nonpoint Sources

Protecting Safe Drinking Water

Managing Hazardous Solid Waste and Waste Sites

Managing Municipal Solid Waste

Controlling Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals

Sustainable Development: International Environmental Agreements and International Trade

Sustainable Approaches: Industrial Ecology and Pollution Prevention

Filters

Exam 11: Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile Sources

An example of a clean alternative fuel is

Plug-in hybrids and hybrid vehicles are examples of partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs).

Title II of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 strengthened regulations on motor vehicle emissions and fuels.

According to a study conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, a uniform standard imposed on motor vehicles would be more cost-effective than a two-tiered standard.

U.S. policy on mobile sources imposes more stringent controls on new vehicles, creating a bias against newer, and hence cleaner, motor vehicles.

The reported Air Quality Index (AQI) uses data from the EPA's monitoring of metropolitan statistical areas.

Ethanol (E85) is a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline.

Photochemical smog is caused by a chemical reaction involving criteria pollutants in the presence of sunlight.

Mobile sources

In the United States, regulations on mobile sources

The recent U.S. national initiatives to control GHGs from mobile sources

Tax credits at the federal level are currently available for both hybrids and plug-in electric hybrids.

Under the new GHG emissions standards for mobile sources, light-duty vehicles will have to achieve an average emissions level of 250 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) for model year 2016.

Available market incentives for clean fuel vehicles

Among all identified transportation sources, off highway vehicle emissions are the largest contributors to the formation of photochemical smog.

Reformulated fuel contains more oxygen to permit more complete combustion and to lower carbon monoxide emissions.

Controls on GHG emissions from mobile sources

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is formed from concentration data collected from a monitoring network that measures hazardous air pollutants.

The use of uniform emissions standards on mobile sources generates a cost-effective solution.

The Role of Economics in Environmental Management

Modeling the Market Process: a Review of the Basics

Modeling Market Failure

Conventional Solutions to Environmental Problems: Command-And-Control Approach

Economic Solutions to Environmental Problems: the Market Approach

Environmental Risk Analysis

Assessing Benefits for Environmental Decision Making

Assessing Costs for Environmental Decision Making

Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental Decision Making

Defining Air Quality: the Standard-Setting Process

Improving Air Quality: Controlling Stationary Sources

Global Air Quality: Policies for Ozone Depletion and Climate Change

Defining Water Quality: the Standard-Setting Process

Improving Water Quality: Controlling Point and Nonpoint Sources

Protecting Safe Drinking Water

Managing Hazardous Solid Waste and Waste Sites

Managing Municipal Solid Waste

Controlling Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals

Sustainable Development: International Environmental Agreements and International Trade

Sustainable Approaches: Industrial Ecology and Pollution Prevention

Filters

Under the new GHG emissions standards for mobile sources, light-duty vehicles will have to achieve an average emissions level of 250 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂) for model year 2016.