Exam 2: Cryptographic Tools

A __________ processes the input elements continuously,producing output one element at a time.

The __________ is a pair of keys that have been selected so that if one is used for encryption,the other is used for decryption.

A __________ attack exploits the characteristics of the algorithm to attempt to deduce a specific plaintext or to deduce the key being used.

The strength of a hash function against brute-force attacks depends solely on the length of the hash code produced by the algorithm.

The simplest approach to multiple block encryption is known as __________ mode,in which plaintext is handled b bits at a time and each block of plaintext is encrypted using the same key.

In July 1998 the __________ announced that it had broken a DES encryption using a special purpose "DES cracker" machine.

A __________ is to try every possible key on a piece of ciphertext until an intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained.

Transmitted data stored locally are referred to as __________ .

__________ is the scrambled message produced as output.

A _________ is a hardware device that sits between servers and storage systems and encrypts all data going from the server to the storage system and decrypts data going in the opposite direction.

A __________ is created by using a secure hash function to generate a hash value for a message and then encrypting the hash code with a private key.

The advantage of a stream cipher is that you can reuse keys.

A __________ stream is one that is unpredictable without knowledge of the input key and which has an apparently random character.

__________ is a block cipher in which the plaintext and ciphertext are integers between 0 and n-1 for some n.

Digital signatures and key management are the two most important applications of __________ encryption.

Combined one byte at a time with the plaintext stream using the XOR operation,a __________ is the output of the pseudorandom bit generator.

__________ is provided by means of a co-processor board embedded in the tape drive and tape library hardware.

Public-key encryption was first publicly proposed by __________ in 1976.

Cryptanalytic attacks try every possible key on a piece of ciphertext until an intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained.

__________ is a procedure that allows communicating parties to verify that received or stored messages are authentic.