Question 1

Experts have an advantage in problem-solving and remembering certain information (like the position of chess pieces) for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they:

Accepted Answer

A)  think of units that can be used to set subgoals 
B)  create higher-order units that have a purpose 
C)  avoid getting bogged down in the details by organizing the information 
D)  break down chunks to create subgoals 
A)  think of units that can be used to set subgoals 
B)  create higher-order units that have a purpose 
C)  avoid getting bogged down in the details by organizing the information 
D)  break down chunks to create subgoals

Question 2

A problem's "initial state" refers to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  participant's circumstances before he or she has understood the problem 
B)  actual statement of the problem 
C)  knowledge and resources one possesses at the outset of the problem 
D)  first goal one must move toward in solving the problem 
A)  participant's circumstances before he or she has understood the problem 
B)  actual statement of the problem 
C)  knowledge and resources one possesses at the outset of the problem 
D)  first goal one must move toward in solving the problem

Question 3

In order to solve a problem, people make use of operators. These are:

Accepted Answer

A)  actions or tools used to help change a person's current state in relation to the problem 
B)  units of knowledge that a person has at the beginning of the problem 
C)  equivalent to a person's IQ 
D)  a set of constraints or limitations ruling out some solutions to the problem 
A)  actions or tools used to help change a person's current state in relation to the problem 
B)  units of knowledge that a person has at the beginning of the problem 
C)  equivalent to a person's IQ 
D)  a set of constraints or limitations ruling out some solutions to the problem

Question 4

Compared to novices, chess experts are MORE likely to have:

Accepted Answer

A)  better memory for the positions of pieces on a chess board if the pieces are arranged in a fashion that respects the rules of chess 
B)  better memory for the positions of pieces on a chess board, no matter how the pieces are arranged 
C)  better visual memories in general 
D)  no memory advantage 
A)  better memory for the positions of pieces on a chess board if the pieces are arranged in a fashion that respects the rules of chess 
B)  better memory for the positions of pieces on a chess board, no matter how the pieces are arranged 
C)  better visual memories in general 
D)  no memory advantage

Question 5

Two groups of participants are given sets of training problems to solve. One group of participants is told to try and understand the structure of the problem, while the other group is asked to try to memorize the problem. They are later given test problems. Based on previous evidence, what results would you expect to see at test?

Accepted Answer

A)  The "memorize" group will be faster when solving the problems. 
B)  The memorize group will solve more problems. 
C)  The "structure" group will solve more problems. 
D)  The groups will solve the same number of problems. 
A)  The "memorize" group will be faster when solving the problems. 
B)  The memorize group will solve more problems. 
C)  The "structure" group will solve more problems. 
D)  The groups will solve the same number of problems.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true of the nine-dot problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is likely the source of the cliché, "Think outside the box." 
B)  People perform much better when given a hint. 
C)  People often suffer from a type of functional fixedness and fail to see the solution. 
D)  People fail to break out of their problem-solving set. 
A)  It is likely the source of the cliché, "Think outside the box." 
B)  People perform much better when given a hint. 
C)  People often suffer from a type of functional fixedness and fail to see the solution. 
D)  People fail to break out of their problem-solving set.

Question 7

Analogies are:

Accepted Answer

A)  often misleading, since an analogy depends on a problem's surface structure 
B)  relatively ineffective for solving problems, unless the problem is a familiar one 
C)  an effective way to promote understanding and problem-solving 
D)  relevant only for a narrow set of problems 
A)  often misleading, since an analogy depends on a problem's surface structure 
B)  relatively ineffective for solving problems, unless the problem is a familiar one 
C)  an effective way to promote understanding and problem-solving 
D)  relevant only for a narrow set of problems

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a procedure that makes analogy use more likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants are given two analogous problems, rather than just one, before the test problem. 
B)  Participants are given financial bonuses for each one of the test problems they are able to solve. 
C)  Participants are given several training problems and asked to compare the problems to one another. 
D)  Participants are encouraged to work at understanding the solutions of the training problems so that they can explain the solutions later on. 
A)  Participants are given two analogous problems, rather than just one, before the test problem. 
B)  Participants are given financial bonuses for each one of the test problems they are able to solve. 
C)  Participants are given several training problems and asked to compare the problems to one another. 
D)  Participants are encouraged to work at understanding the solutions of the training problems so that they can explain the solutions later on.

Question 9

An ill-defined problem is defined as one in which:

Accepted Answer

A)  there is more than one path available that will lead to the goal 
B)  the problem does not have clearly defined subgoals 
C)  neither analogies nor heuristics will lead to a problem solution 
D)  there is initially some uncertainty about which operators are available and which path constraints are in place 
A)  there is more than one path available that will lead to the goal 
B)  the problem does not have clearly defined subgoals 
C)  neither analogies nor heuristics will lead to a problem solution 
D)  there is initially some uncertainty about which operators are available and which path constraints are in place

Question 10

All of the states one can reach in solving a problem together make up the:

Accepted Answer

A)  operators 
B)  pathways 
C)  problem definition 
D)  problem space 
A)  operators 
B)  pathways 
C)  problem definition 
D)  problem space

Question 11

Eric is trying to solve a problem, but must put the problem down for a lunch meeting. At the meeting, he suddenly thinks of a potential solution. Which of the following is NOT consistent with Eric's revelation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lunch provided an incubation period. 
B)  Lunch provided Eric time to forget his previous strategies. 
C)  Lunch provided Eric time to think of new tactics that were outside of his original problem-solving set. 
D)  Eric was suffering from something like "tip of the tongue" and an event at lunch cued the correct answer, which he knew all along. 
A)  Lunch provided an incubation period. 
B)  Lunch provided Eric time to forget his previous strategies. 
C)  Lunch provided Eric time to think of new tactics that were outside of his original problem-solving set. 
D)  Eric was suffering from something like "tip of the tongue" and an event at lunch cued the correct answer, which he knew all along.

Experts have an advantage in problem-solving and remembering certain information (like the position of chess pieces) for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they:

A problem's "initial state" refers to the:

In order to solve a problem, people make use of operators. These are:

Compared to novices, chess experts are MORE likely to have:

Which of the following is NOT true of the nine-dot problem?

Analogies are:

Which of the following is NOT a procedure that makes analogy use more likely?

An ill-defined problem is defined as one in which:

All of the states one can reach in solving a problem together make up the:

Eric is trying to solve a problem, but must put the problem down for a lunch meeting. At the meeting, he suddenly thinks of a potential solution. Which of the following is NOT consistent with Eric's revelation?

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Associative Theories of Long-Term Memory

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Language

Visual Knowledge

Judgment: Drawing Conclusions From Evidence

Reasoning: Thinking Through the Implications of What You Know

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 14: Solving Problems

Experts have an advantage in problem-solving and remembering certain information (like the position of chess pieces) for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they:

A problem's "initial state" refers to the:

In order to solve a problem, people make use of operators. These are:

Compared to novices, chess experts are MORE likely to have:

Which of the following is NOT true of the nine-dot problem?

Analogies are:

Which of the following is NOT a procedure that makes analogy use more likely?

An ill-defined problem is defined as one in which:

All of the states one can reach in solving a problem together make up the:

Eric is trying to solve a problem, but must put the problem down for a lunch meeting. At the meeting, he suddenly thinks of a potential solution. Which of the following is NOT consistent with Eric's revelation?

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Associative Theories of Long-Term Memory

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Language

Visual Knowledge

Judgment: Drawing Conclusions From Evidence

Reasoning: Thinking Through the Implications of What You Know

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters