Exam 10: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

______ is a threat to internal validity stemming from either long-term or short-term physiological changes occurring within the participants that may influence the dependent variable.

______ is the differential dropping out of participants from a study.

Physical activity research has become more popular over the years. One researcher wanted to examine cognitive abilities at different points in a triathlon competition. He had 10 different participants that he and his assistants monitored during the swimming, biking, and running portions of the triathlon. The total time to completion of the competition was approximately 12 hours. The researcher should be most concerned with _____ when reviewing his data.

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Kahn, M., Fridenson, S., Lerer, Bar-Haim, Y. & Sadeh, A. (2014). Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Medicine, 15, 825-832. Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention. Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions. In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep. In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep, but it was interrupted every two hours. After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT). The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary. The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions. As predicted, when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants. The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences. -(Scenario I) The design described in Scenario I is best described as a _____ design.

Forty 9-year-olds were read the same book by their parents every night for one month. The 9-year-olds were tested about the book after the first reading, and then every week thereafter. They were asked to name characters and describe different parts of the books, as well as read passages of the book for themselves. The researchers saw drastic improvement in their skills with this particular book so the performed the same experiment again, but this time they changed the book after a week and asked the same questions. They did not see the same type of improvement as in the initial study. What was the most likely occurring during the initial study?

What would be the most likely threat to internal validity for children's depression scores on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day?

Mr. McPiln wants to survey customers on whether they were happy with their customer service experience during last year's holiday season. However, Mr. McPiln is hesitant to do so because it has been a while since the customers had this experience. Mr. McPiln is concerned about:

A 2003 study investigating reality-based television programming and the psychology of its appeal found that:

Dr. Nolan conducted an attention task study on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday this week. The same participants attended each of the study workshops. During the Wednesday workshop the fire alarm was set off and all occupants had to vacate the building for 30 minutes. What should Dr. Nolan be most concerned with?

According to researchers voyeurism refers to:

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding longitudinal research designs?

A seventh-grade world cultures class visited New York City on September 11, 2000, and then completed a survey regarding their mood, interest in the city, and cultural differences between the United States and the Middle East. The next year the following seventh grade class visited New York City on September 11, 2001. The students were present during the September 11^th attacks and witnessed all of the chaos and terror in the city. When the students safely made it back to school they were asked to complete the same surveys that the students last year did. When considering the data from the current seventh-grade class what should the teacher be most concerned with?

Asperger's syndrome is no longer considered a disorder in the current DSM-5, which health care professionals use to diagnose psychological disorders. Many clinicians had trouble conceptualizing this change and changed the measurement practices multiple times within the course of the year to assess their patients. It is now very difficult for the clinicians to compare the data from the year because of:

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Cobeya, K. D., Buunka, A. P., Robert, S. C., et al. (2012). Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 395-401. Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle. To that end, 29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth. The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions. The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill. After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys, once during ovulation when they were fertile, and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile. Fertility (and lack thereof) was determined by ultrasound. Of the 29 women who started the study, only 17 completed the study. The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared. The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy. Women, regardless of relationship status, were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile. -(Scenario III) To conclude that jealousy is greater when women are fertile than when they are not fertile or when taking birth control pills, the researchers must have performed a(n):

In a 2006 study in which researchers looked at the role of envy in relation to the enjoyment of misfortune of others. Participants completed measures of envy and hostility following reading interviews. The first interview was with a male or female who is either an outstanding or average student and the second interview was with the student's supervisor who had either caught the student stealing or was informing the student that he or she must resubmit poorly written academic work. The results suggested:

Which of the following is a possible solution to a threat of internal validity?

Why is a pretest-posttest design considered a within-subjects design?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Kahn, M., Fridenson, S., Lerer, Bar-Haim, Y. & Sadeh, A. (2014). Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Medicine, 15, 825-832. Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention. Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions. In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep. In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep, but it was interrupted every two hours. After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT). The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary. The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions. As predicted, when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep. These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants. The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences. -(Scenario I) The researchers of the study described in Scenario I counterbalanced the design so that half the participants received a solid eight hours of sleep first and the other half received interrupted sleep first. They did this to reduce which order effect?

Dr. Pierre just completed an innovative study examining mood reactions before and after exposure to watching videos of childbirth for both humans and animals. Dr. Pierre collected baseline measurement data on the mood of each participant prior to implementation of videos. Dr. Pierre is using what design?