Question 1

Which one of the following best illustrates Tolman's notion of a cognitive map?

Accepted Answer

A)  You study a map of Australia until you can reproduce it with considerable accuracy. 
B)  You study a map of Australia but reproduce it with many distortions in shape and location. 
C)  After walking around campus for a few days, you learn where buildings are in relation to one another. 
D)  The concepts table and chair are more closely associated in memory than the words bed and refrigerator. 
A)  You study a map of Australia until you can reproduce it with considerable accuracy. 
B)  You study a map of Australia but reproduce it with many distortions in shape and location. 
C)  After walking around campus for a few days, you learn where buildings are in relation to one another. 
D)  The concepts table and chair are more closely associated in memory than the words bed and refrigerator.

Question 2

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb "We only know the worth of water when the well is dry." 
B)  A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs. 
C)  Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members. 
D)  When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then leaves the cap off overnight (rendering it dry and useless the following morning), her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules: Students must respect one another's property. 
A)  Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb "We only know the worth of water when the well is dry." 
B)  A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs. 
C)  Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members. 
D)  When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then leaves the cap off overnight (rendering it dry and useless the following morning), her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules: Students must respect one another's property.

Question 3

Frank sees an egg-shaped ball that he later "remembers" as being perfectly round. Frank's mistaken recollection is an example of the Gestalt principle of:

Accepted Answer

A)  proximity 
B)  closure 
C)  Prägnanz 
D)  restructuring 
A)  proximity 
B)  closure 
C)  Prägnanz 
D)  restructuring

Question 4

Julia sees a set of twelve circles arranged like this: O O O O O O
O O O O O O
Using Gestalt principles, we can predict that Julia will perceive them as:

Accepted Answer

A)  2 groups of 6 circles each. 
B)  6 groups of 2 circles each. 
C)  3 groups of 4 circles each. 
D)  4 groups of 3 circles each. 
A)  2 groups of 6 circles each. 
B)  6 groups of 2 circles each. 
C)  3 groups of 4 circles each. 
D)  4 groups of 3 circles each.

Question 5

Three of the following illustrate the Gestalt notion that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts." Which one does not reflect this idea?

Accepted Answer

A)  Abby notices that a row of flashing lights look like a single moving light. 
B)  Bobby gazes at the stars and notices how a cluster of seven stars forms the shape of a tennis racket. 
C)  Cubby is learning the concept brighter. He is shown a dim light and a bright light and told that the second light is brighter. When he later sees the same bright light and an even brighter one, he correctly identifies the new light as being brighter. 
D)  Debby learns that "2 plus 2 equal 4" and repeats this fact to herself over and over again until she knows it perfectly. 
A)  Abby notices that a row of flashing lights look like a single moving light. 
B)  Bobby gazes at the stars and notices how a cluster of seven stars forms the shape of a tennis racket. 
C)  Cubby is learning the concept brighter. He is shown a dim light and a bright light and told that the second light is brighter. When he later sees the same bright light and an even brighter one, he correctly identifies the new light as being brighter. 
D)  Debby learns that "2 plus 2 equal 4" and repeats this fact to herself over and over again until she knows it perfectly.

Question 6

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn?

Accepted Answer

A)  CAR, DOG, BUN 
B)  BUX, RIJ, NOP 
C)  TON, FIT, AIR 
D)  XDP, MFC, RLJ 
A)  CAR, DOG, BUN 
B)  BUX, RIJ, NOP 
C)  TON, FIT, AIR 
D)  XDP, MFC, RLJ

Question 7

Mr. Fremont tells his French class, "La plume means 'pen.'" Which one of the following students in his class is exhibiting Tolman's notion of latent learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alicia immediately repeats the sentence, "La plume means 'pen.'" 
B)  Bethany also repeats the sentence immediately, but she mispronounces the French word plume as "plum." 
C)  Caroline is reading a novel hidden between the pages of her French book and so isn't paying attention. 
D)  Donna says nothing at the time, but she correctly recites the French word for "pen" the next day. 
A)  Alicia immediately repeats the sentence, "La plume means 'pen.'" 
B)  Bethany also repeats the sentence immediately, but she mispronounces the French word plume as "plum." 
C)  Caroline is reading a novel hidden between the pages of her French book and so isn't paying attention. 
D)  Donna says nothing at the time, but she correctly recites the French word for "pen" the next day.

Question 8

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be most difficult to learn?

Accepted Answer

A)  CAR, DOG, BUN 
B)  BUX, RIJ, NOP 
C)  TON, FIT, AIR 
D)  XDP, MFC, RLJ 
A)  CAR, DOG, BUN 
B)  BUX, RIJ, NOP 
C)  TON, FIT, AIR 
D)  XDP, MFC, RLJ

Question 9

Sarah needs to learn how to spell 40 words for a spelling test tomorrow. Sarah wants to perform as well as she possibly can on the test. Based on findings from verbal learning research, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Spell each word at least 5 times, saying the letters silently to yourself." 
B)  "Spell each word at least 5 times, saying the letters out loud." 
C)  "Spell the words until you know them all perfectly." 
D)  "Spell the words until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice spelling them several more times." 
A)  "Spell each word at least 5 times, saying the letters silently to yourself." 
B)  "Spell each word at least 5 times, saying the letters out loud." 
C)  "Spell the words until you know them all perfectly." 
D)  "Spell the words until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice spelling them several more times."

Question 10

The theories of Edward Tolman and the Gestalt psychologists were similar with respect to one of the following alternatives. Which one?

Accepted Answer

A)  An emphasis on how knowledge is organized 
B)  An emphasis on cognitive maps 
C)  Research with human subjects 
D)  The law of Prägnanz 
A)  An emphasis on how knowledge is organized 
B)  An emphasis on cognitive maps 
C)  Research with human subjects 
D)  The law of Prägnanz

Question 11

You perceive a shape as a rectangle even though two of its lines are too short to connect at one corner. Which one of the following Gestaltist concepts best accounts for this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Closure 
B)  Prägnanz 
C)  Similarity 
D)  Proximity 
A)  Closure 
B)  Prägnanz 
C)  Similarity 
D)  Proximity

Question 12

Which one of the following statements best describes contextual views of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Information stored in long-term memory is highly interrelated, such that everything is either directly or indirectly connected with everything else. 
B)  Learners can tackle complex tasks more successfully when they have other people or concrete tools to assist them in their efforts. 
C)  Practice in applying principles of deductive and inductive reasoning leads to more logical thought processes in a variety of contexts. 
D)  People of all ages-but especially young children-learn most effectively when they can relate a new concept to their own experiences. 
A)  Information stored in long-term memory is highly interrelated, such that everything is either directly or indirectly connected with everything else. 
B)  Learners can tackle complex tasks more successfully when they have other people or concrete tools to assist them in their efforts. 
C)  Practice in applying principles of deductive and inductive reasoning leads to more logical thought processes in a variety of contexts. 
D)  People of all ages-but especially young children-learn most effectively when they can relate a new concept to their own experiences.

Question 13

The four researchers below are all conducting research on how people learn paired associates. Which of them is most clearly drawing an inference about a cognitive process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dr. Andrade tells some people to repeat each pair out loud several times, and these people perform better than people not told to repeat pairs. He concludes that oral repetition facilitates learning. 
B)  Dr. Barnard tells some people to form a visual image of each pair, and these people remember more pairs correctly than subjects not told to form images. She concludes that visual imagery facilitates learning. 
C)  Dr. Carrera records the brain waves of people studying paired associates and subjects quietly meditating. She observes that there are different patterns of brain waves for the two activities. 
D)  Dr. Davis compares how similarly twins and pairs of unrelated children learn paired associates. Finding greater similarity in the performance of twins, he concludes that learning ability is influenced by heredity. 
A)  Dr. Andrade tells some people to repeat each pair out loud several times, and these people perform better than people not told to repeat pairs. He concludes that oral repetition facilitates learning. 
B)  Dr. Barnard tells some people to form a visual image of each pair, and these people remember more pairs correctly than subjects not told to form images. She concludes that visual imagery facilitates learning. 
C)  Dr. Carrera records the brain waves of people studying paired associates and subjects quietly meditating. She observes that there are different patterns of brain waves for the two activities. 
D)  Dr. Davis compares how similarly twins and pairs of unrelated children learn paired associates. Finding greater similarity in the performance of twins, he concludes that learning ability is influenced by heredity.

Question 14

Mark needs to learn the planets of the solar system listed in the order of their proximity to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. If we consider the serial learning curve, which planets will probably be the most difficult for Mark to learn?

Accepted Answer

A)  The planets closest to the sun (e.g., Mercury, Venus) 
B)  The middle planets (e.g., Mars, Jupiter) 
C)  The planets farthest from the sun (e.g., Uranus, Neptune) 
D)  The planets at the two ends of the list (e.g., Mercury, Neptune) 
A)  The planets closest to the sun (e.g., Mercury, Venus) 
B)  The middle planets (e.g., Mars, Jupiter) 
C)  The planets farthest from the sun (e.g., Uranus, Neptune) 
D)  The planets at the two ends of the list (e.g., Mercury, Neptune)

Question 15

Hermann Ebbinghaus invented nonsense syllables to eliminate the associations that might help him learn a list of words. In studying how people learn nonsense syllables, verbal learning theorists found that:

Accepted Answer

A)  People tend to form associations with them anyway. 
B)  People learn them almost as easily as they learn real words. 
C)  People learn them more easily than real words because the associations they have with real words interfere with learning. 
D)  The number of associations people have with words and nonsense syllables is unrelated to speed of learning. 
A)  People tend to form associations with them anyway. 
B)  People learn them almost as easily as they learn real words. 
C)  People learn them more easily than real words because the associations they have with real words interfere with learning. 
D)  The number of associations people have with words and nonsense syllables is unrelated to speed of learning.

Question 16

Describe three general implications of cognitive learning theories for classroom practice. Illustrate each implication with a concrete example of what a teacher might do.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning theories have several

Question 17

Ms. McDevitt's class has learned how to calculate the area of a rectangle. Ms. McDevitt then asks Teresa how to calculate the area of a square. Which one of the following alternatives best describes the Gestalt perspective of how Teresa would solve this problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  She would engage in trial and error behavior, attempting one solution after another, until she eventually solved the problem. 
B)  She would solve the problem on her own only after watching the teacher solve the problem. 
C)  She would think about the problem for a while and, once she realized that a square was a kind of rectangle, be able to solve the problem. 
D)  Through a process of shaping, with her teacher reinforcing her for appropriate responses, she would eventually solve the problem. 
A)  She would engage in trial and error behavior, attempting one solution after another, until she eventually solved the problem. 
B)  She would solve the problem on her own only after watching the teacher solve the problem. 
C)  She would think about the problem for a while and, once she realized that a square was a kind of rectangle, be able to solve the problem. 
D)  Through a process of shaping, with her teacher reinforcing her for appropriate responses, she would eventually solve the problem.

Which one of the following best illustrates Tolman's notion of a cognitive map?

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

Frank sees an egg-shaped ball that he later "remembers" as being perfectly round. Frank's mistaken recollection is an example of the Gestalt principle of:

Julia sees a set of twelve circles arranged like this: O O O O O O O O O O O O Using Gestalt principles, we can predict that Julia will perceive them as:

Three of the following illustrate the Gestalt notion that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts." Which one does not reflect this idea?

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn?

Mr. Fremont tells his French class, "La plume means 'pen.'" Which one of the following students in his class is exhibiting Tolman's notion of latent learning?

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be most difficult to learn?

Sarah needs to learn how to spell 40 words for a spelling test tomorrow. Sarah wants to perform as well as she possibly can on the test. Based on findings from verbal learning research, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

The theories of Edward Tolman and the Gestalt psychologists were similar with respect to one of the following alternatives. Which one?

You perceive a shape as a rectangle even though two of its lines are too short to connect at one corner. Which one of the following Gestaltist concepts best accounts for this phenomenon?

Which one of the following statements best describes contextual views of learning?

The four researchers below are all conducting research on how people learn paired associates. Which of them is most clearly drawing an inference about a cognitive process?

Mark needs to learn the planets of the solar system listed in the order of their proximity to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. If we consider the serial learning curve, which planets will probably be the most difficult for Mark to learn?

Hermann Ebbinghaus invented nonsense syllables to eliminate the associations that might help him learn a list of words. In studying how people learn nonsense syllables, verbal learning theorists found that:

Describe three general implications of cognitive learning theories for classroom practice. Illustrate each implication with a concrete example of what a teacher might do.

Ms. McDevitt's class has learned how to calculate the area of a rectangle. Ms. McDevitt then asks Teresa how to calculate the area of a square. Which one of the following alternatives best describes the Gestalt perspective of how Teresa would solve this problem?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning

Instrumental Conditioning

Applications of Instrumental Conditioning

Social Cognitive Theory

Basic Components of Memory

Long-Term Memory I: Storage and Encoding

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theory and Other Contextual Perspectives

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Motivation and Affect

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Filters

Exam 7: Introduction to Cognitivism

Which one of the following best illustrates Tolman's notion of a cognitive map?

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

Frank sees an egg-shaped ball that he later "remembers" as being perfectly round. Frank's mistaken recollection is an example of the Gestalt principle of:

Julia sees a set of twelve circles arranged like this: O O O O O O O O O O O O Using Gestalt principles, we can predict that Julia will perceive them as:

Three of the following illustrate the Gestalt notion that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts." Which one does not reflect this idea?

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be easiest to learn?

Mr. Fremont tells his French class, "La plume means 'pen.'" Which one of the following students in his class is exhibiting Tolman's notion of latent learning?

Based on findings from verbal learning research, which list of 3-letter syllables should be most difficult to learn?

Sarah needs to learn how to spell 40 words for a spelling test tomorrow. Sarah wants to perform as well as she possibly can on the test. Based on findings from verbal learning research, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

The theories of Edward Tolman and the Gestalt psychologists were similar with respect to one of the following alternatives. Which one?

You perceive a shape as a rectangle even though two of its lines are too short to connect at one corner. Which one of the following Gestaltist concepts best accounts for this phenomenon?

Which one of the following statements best describes contextual views of learning?

The four researchers below are all conducting research on how people learn paired associates. Which of them is most clearly drawing an inference about a cognitive process?

Mark needs to learn the planets of the solar system listed in the order of their proximity to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. If we consider the serial learning curve, which planets will probably be the most difficult for Mark to learn?

Hermann Ebbinghaus invented nonsense syllables to eliminate the associations that might help him learn a list of words. In studying how people learn nonsense syllables, verbal learning theorists found that:

Describe three general implications of cognitive learning theories for classroom practice. Illustrate each implication with a concrete example of what a teacher might do.

Ms. McDevitt's class has learned how to calculate the area of a rectangle. Ms. McDevitt then asks Teresa how to calculate the area of a square. Which one of the following alternatives best describes the Gestalt perspective of how Teresa would solve this problem?

Perspectives on Learning

Learning and the Brain

Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning

Instrumental Conditioning

Applications of Instrumental Conditioning

Social Cognitive Theory

Basic Components of Memory

Long-Term Memory I: Storage and Encoding

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Long-Term Memory Iii: Retrieval and Forgetting

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives

Sociocultural Theory and Other Contextual Perspectives

Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies

Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking

Motivation and Affect

Cognitive Factors in Motivation

Filters