Exam 8: Long-Term Memory Storage and Retrieval Processes

After his class returns from a field trip to the local historical museum, Mr. Cordova asks his students to write an essay describing the things they learned at the museum. Considering factors that influence memory storage, which one of the following effects should writing the essay have on what the students will later remember about the field trip?

Which one of the following statements best describes how learners are apt to acquire procedural knowledge?

Generally speaking, adults learn and remember more easily than children do. The reverse is true, however, when the children:

Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors. On which one does retrieval not depend?

Which one of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?

To remind her 6-year-old son Steven to bring his umbrella home from school, a mother pins a piece of paper with a picture of an umbrella to Steven's jacket collar. Steven's mother is helping him remember the umbrella through the use of:

Richard is studying both French and Spanish. In the same week he learns that the French word for "mother" is mère and that the Spanish word for "mother" is madre. One day his French teacher asks Richard, "Who is married to your father?" and Richard erroneously answers, "Madre." Richard's memory error can best be explained in terms of:

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between skilled readers and beginning readers in terms of their attention to what they read?

Considering research described in the textbook regarding meaningful learning, which one of the following students is most likely to remember what the word effervescent means?

Which one of the following teachers provides the best example of the halo effect?

Ms. Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students-to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives. Which one of the following teaching strategies will best help her students retrieve relevant scientific principles in situations where the principles might be applied?

Psychologists have offered three of the following as possible explanations for the phenomenon of infantile amnesia. Which one have they not suggested?

To pass the time one day, Keisha multiplies 2 by 2 by 2 by 2 ... and so on, on her calculator. She observes that the products increase in size more dramatically with each calculation. A few weeks later, when her math teacher explains what it means for something to increase exponentially, Keisha realizes that she has already discovered this idea on her own, and she remembers it better as a result. Which one of the following concepts best characterizes Keisha's enhanced understanding of an exponential increase?

In a science lesson on heat, Ms. Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids. The following day, she asks her class the following four questions. Which one is a higher-level question?

Tyler learns that Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic was financed by Queen Isabella of Spain. He thinks to himself, "She probably thought she would make a profit on her investment." When he stops to consider the queen's motives, Tyler is demonstrating which one of the following processes?

Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about how people perceive the world around them?

Explain the role that construction plays in retrieval. Give a concrete example of how construction can help retrieval. Also, give a concrete example of how it can lead to an inaccurate recollection.

It is ten years from now. A friend says to you, "Hey, you took a course on learning theory. Explain to me what the process of elaboration is." You think about this for a minute and then realize that you cannot remember the information your friend is asking for. Give four possible explanations, each based on a different theory of forgetting, as to why you are unable to remember this concept from your learning theory course.

Randall is trying to remember how to spell the word separate. He retrieves the first three letters S E P) and the last four R A T E) and assumes that the fourth letter must be E because he usually pronounces the word like this: "SEP-ER-ATE." Randall's process of remembering how to spell the word in this case, incorrectly) illustrates the use of:

Distinguish between controlled processing and automatic processing, and give a concrete example to illustrate each one. Also, describe two advantages of learning something to a level of automaticity.