Question 1

The association between the___________ is,by definition,unlearned (i.e. ,doesn't require prior learning).

Accepted Answer

A) CS and CR 
B) US and CR 
C) CS and UR 
D) US and UR

Question 2

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A) on the first response after a varied amount of time has elapsed. 
B) on the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed. 
C) after a specific number of responses have been completed. 
D) after a varied number of responses have been completed.

Question 3

When Asha kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Asha always wore vanilla-scented perfume.Whenever Laura smelled vanilla,her heart raced.Asha's kiss,in this example,was the

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) conditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response.

Question 4

Leaving the market on Saturday morning because you don't like how overcrowded it is this weekend is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) negative punishment. 
B) avoidance learning. 
C) escape learning. 
D) positive punishment.

Question 5

A child receives one homework pass-a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment-for every 10 word problems she completes during class.This is an example of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) negative;fixed-ratio 
B) positive;variable-ratio 
C) negative;variable-ratio 
D) positive;fixed-interval

Question 6

Because dogs do not need to learn to salivate to food,salivation to food is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned response. 
B) conditioned reflex. 
C) unconditioned response. 
D) neutral response.

Question 7

Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly.Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn.Julie is being reinforced using a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) continuous 
B) partial 
C) fixed-ratio 
D) fixed-interval

Question 8

Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring?

Accepted Answer

A) negative punishment 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) continuous reinforcement

Question 9

In a demonstration of observational learning,rats can identify food that is safe to eat by

Accepted Answer

A) observing where humans place poison rat traps. 
B) feeding small pieces of the food to other rats and observing the result. 
C) smelling the breath of other rats. 
D) associating certain tastes with illness.

Question 10

The term operant refers to the fact that,in operant conditioning,

Accepted Answer

A) the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur. 
B) reinforcers and punishers operate on the organism to change its behaviour. 
C) the US operates on the CS to change its association with the CR. 
D) the experimenter operates on the organism to change its behaviour.

Question 11

Learning that is not directly observable is called

Accepted Answer

A) latent inhibition. 
B) innate learning. 
C) social learning. 
D) latent learning.

Question 12

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,__________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Accepted Answer

A) Alan 
B) the opening of the tank 
C) the fish food 
D) the aquarium light

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Both partial and continuous reinforcement lead to behaviours that tend to extinguish quickly. 
B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through partial reinforcement. 
C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D) Both continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist for extremely long periods of time.

Question 14

Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) The conditioned response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. 
B) The conditioned response is an instinctual behaviour. 
C) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus. 
D) The conditioned response in classical conditioning is always salivation.

Question 15

Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice-cream truck's familiar song in the distance.One day,a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth waters.Ken's behaviour illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) generalization. 
B) assimilation. 
C) recovery. 
D) discrimination.

Question 16

The concept of contingency refers to the idea that

Accepted Answer

A) a response will increase if followed by a reward. 
B) a consequence depends on an action. 
C) punishment is more effective at shaping behaviour than reinforcement. 
D) reinforcement is more effective at shaping behaviour than punishment.

Question 17

Swatting a dog with a newspaper when it urinates on the floor,in an attempt to teach the dog not to urinate on the floor,is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) positive punishment. 
B) negative punishment 
C) positive reinforcement. 
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 18

Alyssa is participating in an experiment.The researcher plays a sound and then applies a puff of air to Alyssa's eye.Eventually,Alyssa blinks when she hears the sound,before the puff of air is delivered.After a number of trials of the researcher presenting just the sound,Alyssa stops blinking.However,when Alyssa visits the lab the following week,the researcher plays the sound and Alyssa blinks.Alyssa's blinking in response to the sound on her return visit,is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) extinction. 
B) discrimination. 
C) generalization. 
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 19

Temi has developed a fear of bridges due to a recent,graphic news story about people falling from a collapsed bridge.Which of the following is the CS in this example?

Accepted Answer

A) bridges 
B) graphic news coverage 
C) people falling 
D) collapsed bridges

Question 20

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) positive reinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) withholding reinforcement.

Exam 6: C: Learning

The association between the___________ is,by definition,unlearned (i.e. ,doesn't require prior learning) .