Question 1

According to Rotter, in situations where more than one behavior is possible, we should choose the behavior with the largest combination of:

Accepted Answer

A)   reinforcement and need
B)   expected success and value
C)   need and opportunity
D)   primary and secondary needs B

Question 2

Latané and colleagues (1979) found that groups of participants decreased their effort as the size of the group increased. This finding is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   social loafing
B)   group facilitation
C)   groupthink
D)   social laziness A

Question 3

Motivated behavior results from the combination of individual needs and the value of the goals available in the environment, according to the basic idea underlying:

Accepted Answer

A)   value and humanistic psychologists
B)   expectancy-value theory
C)   behavioral expectations approach
D)   physiological theory B

Question 4

In general, individuals taking Rotter's test who score high in the ___ direction do not do as well as individuals who score high in the _____ direction.

Accepted Answer

A)   internal; external
B)   internal; superstitious
C)   external; internal
D)   conscientious; unreliable

Question 5

In Rotter's theory, _____ individuals perceive rewards and punishments as resulting from their own actions, and _____ individuals perceive rewards and punishments as resulting from sources beyond their control.

Accepted Answer

A)   internal; external
B)   external; unconscious
C)   strong; weak
D)   external; internal

Question 6

The observation that individual performance within a group decreases as the number of people in a group increases is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   the Ringelmann effect
B)   the group size effect
C)   the social slacking effect
D)   the law of effect

Question 7

Tommy tends to choose tasks that are either very easy or very difficult. According to achievement theory, he probably has a high:

Accepted Answer

A)   motive for success
B)   incentive value
C)   probability of success
D)   motive to avoid failure

Question 8

Lewin argued that human behavior is a function of two major components, the _____ and the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   learning; performance
B)   person; psychological environment
C)   force; field
D)   gestalt; action

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a criticism that has been made against need achievement theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   achievement motivation is multidimensional
B)   need achievement scores are situational
C)   reliability of the TAT is low
D)   TAT only predicts female behavior

Question 10

The _____ theory attempts to explain the internal and external (social) factors that influence the acquisition and regulation of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   social learning
B)   acquisition-regulation
C)   valence
D)   conscious-unconscious

Question 11

According to Tolman, a _____ suggests that behavior will be rewarded and that the reward can be found in specific locations.

Accepted Answer

A)   humanistic drive
B)   behavioristic view point
C)   learning-performance distinction
D)   cognitive map

Question 12

When working in a group, individuals have the opportunity to slack off based on the expectancy the rest of the group will work hard enough to accomplish the goal. This is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   individual-group difference
B)   social loafing
C)   group effect
D)   reasoned action

Question 13

One of Tolman's major contributions to psychology was that:

Accepted Answer

A)   his theory led to greater emphasis on the study of cognitive processes.
B)   the usefulness of his theory in making precise predictions
C)   his emphasis on strict stimulus-response models
D)   his emphasis on individual responses rather than on goals

Question 14

Lewin's force field theory emphasizes which of the following ideas?

Accepted Answer

A)   tension as an internal motivational force
B)   tension as an external motivational force
C)   the role of stimulus-response units as motivators
D)   the intrinsic value of goals

Question 15

A person who scores high on achievement-oriented tasks would probably:

Accepted Answer

A)   perceive an external locus of control
B)   perceive an internal locus of control
C)   believe him/herself to be controlled by the environment
D)   believe that luck or fate determines what happens to him/her

Question 16

In Lewin's model, tension can be alleviated through a process in which some particular region of the psychological environment dissipates the tension. This is termed:

Accepted Answer

A)   repression
B)   locomotion
C)   quasi-need reduction
D)   dehydration

Question 17

According to Murray (1938), the need for achievement involves:

Accepted Answer

A)   always being the best at every task
B)   doing a difficult task well and quickly
C)   being recognized by winning awards
D)   being able to get what you want

Question 18

According to Lewin, _____ determines which psychological facts are most attractive as a way of satisfying a need.

Accepted Answer

A)   importance
B)   primary need
C)   valence
D)   tension

Question 19

Murray defined _____ as a recurrent concern for a goal state.

Accepted Answer

A)   internal-external
B)   need
C)   need for achievement
D)   thematic apperception

Question 20

Research on locus of control has found that _____ individuals tend to get lower grades in school, have problems staying on a diet, and fail to comply with medical advice.

Accepted Answer

A)   internal
B)   competitive
C)   paternalistic
D)   external

Exam 8: Cognitive Motivation: Expectancy-Value Approaches