Question 1

One of the primary differences between experimental research and correlational research is that:

Accepted Answer

A) experimental research tends to make more use of naturalistic observation than does correlational research. 
B) experimental research tends to use random sampling,while correlational research tends to use random assignment. 
C) most experimental research takes place in natural settings,while most correlational research takes place in the laboratory. 
D) most experimental research takes place in the laboratory,while most correlational research takes place in natural settings.

Question 2

Case studies enable us to make better generalizations than do naturalistic observations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Experimenter expectancy effects are:

Accepted Answer

A) subtle and unintentional cues that participants pick up about the hypotheses of an experiment. 
B) subtle and unintentional ways that experimenters can influence their participants to respond in ways consistent with experimental hypotheses. 
C) instances where participants improve because of their expectations rather than the actual treatments they receive. 
D) instances where experimenters mistakenly use random selection instead of random assignment.

Question 4

A social psychologist is interested in studying aggression in sports fans.He goes to various sporting events and keeps track of the number of aggressive acts that occur between fans using a well-defined coding system.This psychologist is using which of the following ways of measuring behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) self-report measures 
B) physiological measures 
C) behavioural observations 
D) scientific measures

Question 5

Random assignment is important in experiments because:

Accepted Answer

A) it eliminates experimenter expectancy effects. 
B) it insures that the samples are representative of the population. 
C) it holds differences among participants constant. 
D) it balances differences among participants across conditions of the experiment.

Question 6

There is an ethical consideration in research that is most directly concerned with whether information provided by participants in a study could become known to other people and if so,whether there would be any negative consequences for the participant.This ethical consideration is called ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) right to privacy 
B) psychological risk 
C) social risk 
D) deception

Question 7

The research method in which the researcher observes behaviour occurring in a natural setting is called a case study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Often,psychological researchers will manipulate more than one variable in an experiment.The main reason for this is that:

Accepted Answer

A) it reduces demand characteristics. 
B) it better captures the complexity of human behaviour. 
C) it allows variables to be both independent variables and dependent variables at the same time. 
D) it reduces experimenter expectancy effects.

Question 9

Sally has been suffering from depression and finally decides to seek help from a clinical psychologist.After a couple of months of therapy,Sally's depression starts to lift.However,her improvement really isn't due to any of the therapy she has received from her therapist but instead is a product of Sally's expectation that psychotherapy is supposed to be effective and therefore she should be getting better.This example is best considered as an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) an experimenter expectancy effect. 
B) the double-blind effect. 
C) the placebo effect. 
D) demand characteristics.

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding the differences between experimental and correlational research is false?

Accepted Answer

A) Correlational research makes more use of random assignment than does experimental research. 
B) Most experimental research takes place in the laboratory,while correlational research tends to use more natural contexts. 
C) In experimental research,at least one variable is measured,while in correlational research,all variables are measured. 
D) Correlational researchers are not able to keep extraneous factors constant the way that experimental researchers can.

Question 11

An educational psychologist wants to study the effectiveness of using the Internet as an instructional method used during academic courses.She designs a study in which one group of students is assigned to take a course in a standard classroom with a live instructor.Another group of students is assigned to take the same course over the Internet.The psychologist then compares the course grades for students in each of the two groups.In this case,the instruction group (regular class vs.Internet class)would be considered the:

Accepted Answer

A) dependent variable. 
B) correlational variable. 
C) confounding variable. 
D) independent variable.

Question 12

On the first day of school,Ted's grade 5 teacher asks her students to introduce themselves and tell the class what they did on their summer vacation.Ted notes that all of the smart kids had gone on great trips; so travel,he reasons,must make you smart.Ted gathers information from the students in his school and analyzes it.Ted is testing this ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) theory 
B) fact 
C) hypothesis 
D) formal explanation

Question 13

The placebo effect refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) how participants can change their behaviour based on what they think the hypotheses of an experiment are. 
B) how participant's behaviour can change because of their expectations rather than the treatments they receive. 
C) the problems associated with drawing causal conclusions in correlational research. 
D) how researcher's can accidentally or unintentionally manipulate other dependent variables.

Question 14

Dr.Williams is conducting an experiment and decides to use a design in which each participant will be exposed to all of the conditions in her study.In designing her study,Dr.Williams is:

Accepted Answer

A) making use of random assignment. 
B) making use of an alternative to random assignment. 
C) using the double-blind procedure. 
D) controlling the placebo effect.

Question 15

If an experiment has a confounding variable,this significantly lowers its internal validity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Professor Smith has developed a theory that is rather straightforward compared to the complex theory of Professor Jones.Both theories generate a number of new hypotheses from other researchers.Even though both theories predict the same phenomena well,the preferred theory is: ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) Professor Smith's because it conforms to the law of parsimony. 
B) Professor Smith's because it will be easiest to prove. 
C) Professor Jones' because it is complex and will generate more hypotheses. 
D) Professor Jones' because its complexity allows for more testability.

Question 17

The major drawback of ____________ understanding is that there are many different ways to explain the causes of events and we can never be sure which explanation is correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The major drawback of ____________ understanding is...

Question 18

A humanistic psychologist believes that people who don't have a clear sense of meaning in their lives are more vulnerable to depression and physical illness.This psychologist's beliefs are best viewed as an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) scientific skepticism. 
B) a hypothesis. 
C) a control group. 
D) conducting research.

Question 19

All of the following decrease internal validity except:

Accepted Answer

A) random assignment. 
B) confounding variables. 
C) demand characteristics. 
D) the placebo effect.

Question 20

The case of Jeff Selinger,a bus driver from Halifax,is to "bystander intervention" as the case of Katerine,a 17-year old girl in Montreal,is to "bystander apathy".

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 2: Studying Behaviour Scientifically

One of the primary differences between experimental research and correlational research is that:

Case studies enable us to make better generalizations than do naturalistic observations.

Experimenter expectancy effects are:

A social psychologist is interested in studying aggression in sports fans.He goes to various sporting events and keeps track of the number of aggressive acts that occur between fans using a well-defined coding system.This psychologist is using which of the following ways of measuring behaviour?

Random assignment is important in experiments because:

The research method in which the researcher observes behaviour occurring in a natural setting is called a case study.

Often,psychological researchers will manipulate more than one variable in an experiment.The main reason for this is that:

Which of the following statements regarding the differences between experimental and correlational research is false?

The placebo effect refers to:

Dr.Williams is conducting an experiment and decides to use a design in which each participant will be exposed to all of the conditions in her study.In designing her study,Dr.Williams is:

If an experiment has a confounding variable,this significantly lowers its internal validity.

Professor Smith has developed a theory that is rather straightforward compared to the complex theory of Professor Jones.Both theories generate a number of new hypotheses from other researchers.Even though both theories predict the same phenomena well,the preferred theory is: ___________.

The major drawback of ____________ understanding is that there are many different ways to explain the causes of events and we can never be sure which explanation is correct.

A humanistic psychologist believes that people who don't have a clear sense of meaning in their lives are more vulnerable to depression and physical illness.This psychologist's beliefs are best viewed as an example of:

All of the following decrease internal validity except:

The case of Jeff Selinger,a bus driver from Halifax,is to "bystander intervention" as the case of Katerine,a 17-year old girl in Montreal,is to "bystander apathy".