Question 1

Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to believe that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the secret to doing well in mathematics is working hard. 
B)  mathematical ability is innate and either you have it or you don't. 
C)  lower standards are acceptable because children need time for exercise and play. 
D)  small classes and high-technology resources are imperative for a quality education.

Question 2

A ________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

Accepted Answer

A)  proposition 
B)  cognitive heuristic 
C)  cognitive schema 
D)  prototype

Question 3

In Chapter 9, the authors note that many adults take one position and stick with it no matter what. How does this lack of reflective judgment and dialectical thinking relate to the critical thinking guidelines explained in Chapter 1?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Chapter 9, the authors note that...

Question 4

Irene Pepperberg worked with an African gray parrot named Alex. Her research revealed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Alex was capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems, showing an innate understanding of numbers. 
B)  Alex was able to make requests and to answer simple questions about objects. 
C)  Alex's linguistic abilities were limited to the "parroting" of phrases that he heard Irene speak. 
D)  Alex showed no evidence of cognitive abilities, which isn't surprising given his brain was the size of a walnut.

Question 5

The ________ is the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

Accepted Answer

A)  availability heuristic 
B)  affect heuristic 
C)  hindsight bias 
D)  framing effect

Question 6

In the 1950s, a social psychologist and two of his associates joined a "doomsday" group in order to study how the group members would react when the world did not end as predicted by their leader. How did the believers respond? Analyze their responses according to the theory of cognitive dissonance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the 1950s, a social psychologist and...

Question 7

Animals solve problems in ways that fascinate us. Describe the research that has led some researchers to conclude that animals can think. In your essay, include information regarding:
- the chimpanzees studied by Wolfgang Kohler;
- Kanzi, the bonobo who uses a computer keyboard; and
- Alex, the African gray parrot who vocalized English words.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Animals solve problems in ways that fascinate...

Question 8

The original formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw in that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the formula did not make sense for use with adults. 
B)  the formula did not separate the "g factor" from specific abilities. 
C)  it overemphasized performance IQ in the computations. 
D)  it overemphasized verbal IQ in the computations.

Question 9

Gertrude voted "yes" on a ballot question about whether convicted sex offenders should be banned from being within 500 feet of a playground. Afterwards, she realized that she voted yes because she was disgusted by the thought of sex offenders near playgrounds, but did not really consider whether the ban would actually decrease the probability that a child would be harmed. Gertrude used ________________ to make her decision.

Accepted Answer

A)  the affect heuristic 
B)  objective analysis 
C)  confirmation bias 
D)  the availability heuristic

Question 10

Bernard shows off his vocabulary and book smarts when he is writing a paper for his English professor. When he is talking with the people who live in his working-class neighborhood, he avoids using words that most people don't know. Bernard's ability to alter the way he communicates to fit different environments and situations demonstrates his ___________ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

A)  analytical 
B)  componential 
C)  experiential 
D)  contextual

Question 11

A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconscious 
B)  subconscious 
C)  nonconscious 
D)  preconscious

Question 12

A mental image is:

Accepted Answer

A)  a mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents. 
B)  a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties. 
C)  a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea. 
D)  an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

Question 13

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

Accepted Answer

A)  Anthropomorphism 
B)  Anthropodenial 
C)  Convergent thinking 
D)  Divergent thinking

Question 14

Who among the following people is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

Accepted Answer

A)  the draftee who hates the army 
B)  the smoker who knows that smoking causes lung cancer 
C)  the teenager who doesn't like the car a parent bought for him 
D)  the lawyer who worked hard to complete law school and likes working as a lawyer

Question 15

A young boy's mental age would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  equal to the number of years since his birth. 
B)  his level of intellectual development related to other children. 
C)  equal to his intelligence quotient (IQ). 
D)  his IQ divided by his chronological age and multiplied by 100.

Question 16

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  implicit learning. 
B)  prototypical learning. 
C)  mindless learning. 
D)  algorithmic learning.

Question 17

Contrast the behaviours of college students who are weak in metacognition with those for whom metacognition is a strength.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Contrast the behaviours of college students who...

Question 18

A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconscious 
B)  subconscious 
C)  nonconscious 
D)  preconscious

Question 19

________ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.

Accepted Answer

A)  Componential 
B)  Emotional 
C)  Contextual 
D)  Experiential

Question 20

________ is the capacity to reason and use information to solve problems. It is relatively independent of a person's education.

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluid intelligence 
B)  The g factor 
C)  Crystallized intelligence 
D)  Metacognition

Exam 9: Thinking and Intelligence

Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to believe that:

A ________ is an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

In Chapter 9, the authors note that many adults take one position and stick with it no matter what. How does this lack of reflective judgment and dialectical thinking relate to the critical thinking guidelines explained in Chapter 1?

Irene Pepperberg worked with an African gray parrot named Alex. Her research revealed that:

The ________ is the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

The original formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw in that:

A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary.

A mental image is:

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

Who among the following people is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

A young boy's mental age would be:

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:

Contrast the behaviours of college students who are weak in metacognition with those for whom metacognition is a strength.

A(n) ________ process occurs outside of conscious awareness, but is accessible to consciousness when necessary.

________ intelligence is the ability to identify your own and other people's emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.

________ is the capacity to reason and use information to solve problems. It is relatively independent of a person's education.