Question 1

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  counterconditioning 
B)  instinctive drift 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  stimulus discrimination

Question 2

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that:

Accepted Answer

A)  food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn't occur. 
B)  when given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in fewer than 10 trials. 
C)  the pig was difficult to train because it kept dropping the coin, rooting, and throwing the coin in the air. 
D)  the pig showed intrinsic interest in the task and so reinforcement was unnecessary.

Question 3

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Accepted Answer

A)  Shaping 
B)  Latent learning 
C)  Stimulus generalization 
D)  Stimulus discrimination

Question 4

Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the marble, and then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  chaining 
B)  counterconditioning 
C)  shaping 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 5

A(n) ________ stimulus signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Accepted Answer

A)  extinguished 
B)  discriminative 
C)  standard 
D)  neutral

Question 6

Dr. Swarz wants to condition a fear response in rats in her laboratory. What would be the ideal interval for her to use between her neutral stimulus (a light) and her US (a buzzer)?

Accepted Answer

A)  no interval 
B)  less than one second 
C)  one to two seconds 
D)  two to three seconds

Question 7

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  unconditioned response

Question 8

Harry and Sally want their cat to jump through a hoop 3 feet off the ground. Because the cat would never spontaneously jump through the hoop on its own, what operant conditioning procedure will Harry and Sally need to use? Briefly explain how they might proceed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Harry and Sally want their cat to...

Question 9

________ founded American behaviourism and recognized the real-life implications of classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  John B. Watson 
B)  Jean Piaget 
C)  Ivan Pavlov 
D)  B. F. Skinner

Question 10

Dr. Ibrahim conducts an experiment at a local university. Participants were shown a white envelope while listening to two minutes of uplifting music and a brown envelope while listening to two minutes of a single tone repeated over and over (which was intended to be annoying). At the end of the experiment, participants are told to choose an envelope containing their compensation on the way out of the room. The envelopes are either white or brown. If there were 100 participants, how many are likely to choose a white envelope instead of a brown envelope?

Accepted Answer

A)  45 
B)  60 
C)  75 
D)  100

Question 11

A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimuli must precede unconditioned stimuli. 
B)  behaviours are controlled by their consequences. 
C)  animals can only be conditioned to perform behaviours that appear spontaneously. 
D)  behaviours are controlled by thoughts and mental processes.

Question 12

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do?

Accepted Answer

A)  He should wait until the parrot kicks the ball into the net on its own and then give it a food treat. 
B)  He should use negative punishment until the parrot kicks the ball into the net. 
C)  He should begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball. 
D)  He should use positive punishment until the parrot kicks the ball into the net.

Question 13

When Tang kissed Kaila, her heart rate increased. Tang always wore the same body spray. Whenever Kaila smelled that body spray, her heart raced. Tang's kiss was the:

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 14

After watching her father slide through pictures on his smartphone using his index finger, Laura, a 5-year-old, learns to use her finger to slide the screen on his smartphone. Laura acquired this behaviour through ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  observational learning 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  counterconditioning

Question 15

Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. It salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response?

Accepted Answer

A)  counterconditioning 
B)  instinctive drift 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  stimulus discrimination

Question 16

Every week Jade spends her allowance on 225 grams of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  little white bag. 
B)  allowance money. 
C)  puckering and saliva. 
D)  sour lemon gummy candy.

Question 17

The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behaviour is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  higher-order conditioning 
C)  counterconditioning 
D)  behaviour modification

Question 18

Which of the following is a secondary punisher?

Accepted Answer

A)  extreme heat 
B)  electric shock 
C)  criticism 
D)  starvation

Question 19

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  money 
B)  praise 
C)  gold stars 
D)  food

Question 20

In classical conditioning procedures, it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur. Describe the research on higher-order conditioning in which slugs were the research subjects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In classical conditioning procedures, it is sometimes...

Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning