Question 1

Learning theorists argue that learning takes place through conditioning. Describe the two types of conditioning discussed in your text.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Learning theorists argue that learning takes place...

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for decreasing the frequency of an undesirable behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement for withholding the response 
B)  punishment for making the response 
C)  increasing exposure to antecedents of the response 
D)  decreasing exposure to antecedents of the response

Question 3

It often helps an individual comply with a behavior modification program if he signs a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program. This type of agreement is referred to as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral contract. 
B)  reinforcement contract. 
C)  operant agreement. 
D)  behavior modification agreement.

Question 4

Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 5

____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a desirable stimulus; while ____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened as the result of the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is...

Question 6

Typically, most people would

Accepted Answer

A)  enjoy being negatively reinforced or punished. 
B)  dislike being negatively reinforced or punished. 
C)  enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished. 
D)  enjoy being punished and dislike being negatively reinforced.

Question 7

Brenda has learned to take an over-the-counter medication 30 minutes before she eats a spicy meal. When she does this she is able to prevent the heartburn and indigestion that she would experience otherwise. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  escape conditioning. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  avoidance conditioning.

Question 8

____ is to operant conditioning as ____ is to classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner; Pavlov 
B)  Bandura; Pavlov 
C)  Rescorla; Skinner 
D)  Pavlov; Thorndike

Question 9

A cue light comes on in the dog's shuttle box. It jumps the hurdle to the other side. What procedure is being used?

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment 
B)  escape 
C)  discrimination training 
D)  avoidance

Question 10

Cognitive processes are involved in which of the following key processes associated with observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  motivation and reproduction 
B)  motivation and retention 
C)  attention and retention 
D)  attention and reproduction

Question 11

According to Thorndike's ____________________, if a response, in the presence of a stimulus, leads to a satisfying effect the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Thorndike's ____________________, if a response,...

Question 12

Michael Domjan suggests that the rapid conditioning seen in conditioned taste aversions is

Accepted Answer

A)  unique in that all neutral stimuli condition in the same way. 
B)  an example of what happens when ecologically relevant conditioned stimuli are studied. 
C)  an example of what happens when arbitrary, neutral conditioned stimuli are studied. 
D)  not all that unique and it reflects the differences between studying learning in a laboratory setting and a natural setting.

Question 13

Jane, your teenage daughter, was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  modeling.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate concerning conditioning to stimuli that we are biologically prepared to fear?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a lower probability of spontaneous recovery for these stimuli. 
B)  There is more rapid conditioning to these stimuli. 
C)  The fear response (CR) is stronger for these stimuli. 
D)  There is greater resistance to extinction for these stimuli.

Question 15

An animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original US in both

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning. 
B)  stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination. 
C)  stimulus discrimination and higher-order conditioning. 
D)  higher-order conditioning and spontaneous recovery.

Question 16

Bette creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar. She is hoping that people who watch the ad will develop negative feelings toward drinking. Bette is relying on

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 17

Learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others known as models is called

Accepted Answer

A)  latent. 
B)  observational. 
C)  classical. 
D)  operant.

Question 18

Newly learned behavior that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 19

How are punishment and negative reinforcement different?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment involves the use of a negative stimulus; negative reinforcement uses a pleasant stimulus. 
B)  Punishment increases the frequency of undesired behavior; negative reinforcement discourages it. 
C)  Punishment always involves pain while negative reinforcement involves the removal of primary reinforcers. 
D)  Punishment decreases the frequency of behavior while negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior.

Question 20

Why is sending a note home to a parent not the most effective method of suppressing undesirable behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  The parents frequently do not respond to notes. 
B)  A note is not intense enough to achieve the desired effect. 
C)  The association between the response and the punishment is not immediate. 
D)  Notes are often consistent and will explain the offense.

Exam 12: Learning Part 2