Question 1

People often distort their memories by using ________ to organize information in ways that fit in with their expectations and assumptions about the world.

Accepted Answer

A)  selective amnesia 
B)  retroactive interference 
C)  journaling 
D)  schemas

Question 2

Research on the phenomenon of flashbulb memories suggests that how confident someone is in a memory and the actual accuracy of that memory have ________________ association.

Accepted Answer

A)  a strong positive 
B)  a strong negative 
C)  only a weak positive 
D)  absolutely no

Question 3

Many people have extremely vivid ___________ memories of where they were on September 11,2001.

Accepted Answer

A)  generative 
B)  snapshot 
C)  flashbulb 
D)  recorded

Question 4

Overlearning tends to:

Accepted Answer

A)  improve recall. 
B)  harm memory. 
C)  have no added benefit for memory. 
D)  increase interference.

Question 5

Patients with Alzheimer's disease have profound changes to their brains,which include

Accepted Answer

A)  the death of midbrain neurons that use dopamine. 
B)  the death of specialized neurons in the brain stem. 
C)  the growth of tangles in many new small neurons. 
D)  the growth of clumps of protein fragments called plaques that build up on the outside of neurons.

Question 6

The component of working memory that provides a temporary storage place where information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are integrated is called the ______________ component.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory 
B)  central executive 
C)  flashbulb 
D)  episodic buffer

Question 7

Explicit is to implicit as:

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural is to declarative. 
B)  conscious is to non-conscious. 
C)  episodic is to semantic. 
D)  retroactive is to retrograde.

Question 8

The superior recall for words presented ____________ of a list is the result of the ______________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  in the middle;primacy 
B)  at the end;primacy 
C)  at the end;recency 
D)  at the beginning;recency

Question 9

Alzheimer's disease involves a disruption in the functioning of several different neurotransmitter systems;particularly important one among them is:

Accepted Answer

A)  dopamine. 
B)  acetylcholine. 
C)  serotonin. 
D)  epinephrine.

Question 10

According to the psychologist Alan Baddeley,working memory is divided into which of the following four components?

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory,episodic,short-term,and long-term memory 
B)  episodic,semantic,procedural,and sensory memory 
C)  phonological loop,visuospatial sketchpad,episodic buffer,and central executive 
D)  encoding,storage,semantic,and retrieval

Question 11

To take advantage of the principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts and improves our understanding of how diverse elements are related,material is organized ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  episodically 
B)  procedurally 
C)  hierarchically 
D)  phonetically

Question 12

The capacity of ____________ memory appears to be unlimited.

Accepted Answer

A)  working 
B)  long-term 
C)  sensory 
D)  iconic

Question 13

Which of the following statements is most consistent with current research focusing on the repressed/false memory debate? Research suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)  almost all supposedly repressed memories of prior abuse are false and therefore we would do well to dismiss such claims. 
B)  repression is a very common phenomenon that probably occurs more than people think it does. 
C)  we should be cautious in accepting claims of repressed memory,particularly when suggestive therapy techniques have been used. 
D)  we should use brain activity scans to determine the validity of supposed repressed memories because people's self-reports are almost always inaccurate.

Question 14

Phonological code is to semantic code as:

Accepted Answer

A)  primacy effect is to recency effect. 
B)  echoic store is to iconic store. 
C)  sound is to meaning. 
D)  implicit is to explicit.

Question 15

Although the ________ effect is thought to be a result of the early transfer of information to long-term memory,the _________ effect appears to be a result of information remaining in short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  serial position;primacy 
B)  recency;serial position 
C)  recency;primacy 
D)  primacy;recency

Question 16

Forgetting occurs because the presumed memory traces are thought to fade away with time and disuse according to the ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  decay theory 
B)  dual-coding theory 
C)  encoding specificity principle 
D)  interference theory

Question 17

Sir Frederick Bartlett's research on people's memories of a Native American story called "The War of the Ghosts" demonstrated how schemas can cause people to alter key aspects of a story so that it makes sense to them.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Research with expert and novice chess players by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973)revealed that experts were able to accurately recall the placement of more chess pieces than novices after a 5-second glance when the:

Accepted Answer

A)  pieces were arranged meaningfully. 
B)  experts were allowed to use maintenance rehearsal. 
C)  pieces were arranged hierarchically. 
D)  pieces were arranged randomly.

Question 19

The amnesia patient H.M.was able to correctly perform a mirror-tracing task,but he had no recollection of ever having learned it.This example most clearly illustrates the difference between ___________ memory and _________________________ memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  explicit;declarative 
B)  procedural;declarative 
C)  implicit;non-declarative 
D)  semantic;episodic

Question 20

The method of loci is a memory-enhancing technique based on ___________ and it is consistent with the predictions of ___________ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  imagery;dual-coding 
B)  chunking;dual-coding 
C)  hierarchies;encoding specificity 
D)  acronyms;encoding specificity

Exam 8: Memory