Question 1

After reading a first-person account of a fictional fellow student's experience of overcoming obstacles to vote,university students were subsequently more likely to vote in a presidential primary election.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning. 
B) extrinsic motivation. 
C) vicarious experience. 
D) classical conditioning.

Question 2

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Accepted Answer

A) John B.Watson. 
B) Rosalie Rayner. 
C) B.F.Skinner. 
D) Ivan Pavlov.

Question 3

Former drug users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs.Their reactions are best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) observational learning.

Question 4

Long after being bitten by a stray dog,Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared.To his surprise,however,when he was recently confronted by a stray dog,he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety.This sudden anxiety best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) secondary conditioning. 
B) discrimination. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) operant behavior.

Question 5

Mr.Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children.Mr.Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.

Accepted Answer

A) extrinsic motivation 
B) observational learning 
C) delayed reinforcement 
D) shaping

Question 6

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) delayed 
B) negative 
C) partial 
D) conditioned

Question 7

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop.This learning strategy best illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A) variable-interval scheduling. 
B) delayed reinforcement. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) shaping.

Question 8

Psychologists define learning as the process of

Accepted Answer

A) adapting to the environment. 
B) responding to external stimuli. 
C) rewarding behavioral responses. 
D) acquiring,through experience,new information or relatively enduring behaviors.

Question 9

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to

Accepted Answer

A) fear cars in the street. 
B) dislike the taste of dead birds. 
C) wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. 
D) retrieve sticks and balls.

Question 10

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

Accepted Answer

A) taste aversion. 
B) survival. 
C) extrinsic motivation. 
D) prosocial behavior.

Question 11

Pigeons learn to flap their wings to avoid shock ________ easily than they learn to peck a disk to avoid shock.They learn to flap their wings to obtain food ________ easily than they learn to peck a disk to obtain food.

Accepted Answer

A) more;more 
B) more;less 
C) less;less 
D) less;more

Question 12

Learning that some responses,but not others,will be punished is called

Accepted Answer

A) respondent behavior. 
B) secondary reinforcement. 
C) discrimination. 
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 13

Conditioning is the process of

Accepted Answer

A) discrimination. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) learning associations. 
D) observational learning.

Question 14

Alonzo had long feared going into elevators but was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of Alonzo's fear.

Accepted Answer

A) generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) extinction

Question 15

Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work.The money was a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) primary reinforcer. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) conditioned reinforcer. 
D) operant behavior.

Question 16

Through classical conditioning we learn to associate

Accepted Answer

A) a CS with a US. 
B) a response with a reward. 
C) a US with a UR. 
D) a UR with a CR.

Question 17

Any stimulus that,when presented after a response,strengthens the response is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) positive reinforcer. 
D) negative reinforcer.

Question 18

B.F.Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both

Accepted Answer

A) delayed reinforcement and generalization. 
B) positive reinforcement and punishment. 
C) shaping and immediate reinforcement. 
D) respondent behavior and spontaneous recovery.

Question 19

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive maps 
B) fixed-interval schedules 
C) mirror neurons 
D) extrinsic motives

Question 20

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n)________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

A) evolutionary 
B) behaviorist 
C) cognitive 
D) neuroscience

Exam 6: Learning