Question 1

Wells and Petty asked students to listen to a tape-recorded radio editorial while testing the fit of earphone headsets. The students later said they agreed more with the editorial they had heard on the tape if they had been

Accepted Answer

A)  distracted and unable to listen carefully. 
B)  wearing the lightest, most comfortable headsets. 
C)  given the choice of which editorial they would hear. 
D)  instructed to test the headsets by nodding.

Question 2

If we provide students with just enough justification to perform a learning task and use rewards and labels to help them feel competent, we may _________ their enjoyment and their eagerness to pursue the subject on their own.

Accepted Answer

A)  enhance 
B)  diminish 
C)  fail to affect 
D)  destroy

Question 3

Alice wonders if Justin really likes her. Since his behaviour toward her may be the result of other factors besides his real attitude, the best way for her to measure his true attitude is to

Accepted Answer

A)  observe his average treatment of her over time. 
B)  see whether he invites her to a party this weekend. 
C)  notice how close he sits to her in psychology class. 
D)  observe his reaction to the question, "Don't you like me?"

Question 4

As self-perception theory implies, the overjustification effect can be avoided because ________ reward does not diminish intrinsic interest in an action, since people can still attribute the action to their own motivation.

Accepted Answer

A)  an uninformative 
B)  an unanticipated 
C)  a social 
D)  an excessive

Question 5

William James, self-perception theory, and research findings all suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  your gait can influence how you feel. 
B)  your posture can influence how you feel. 
C)  your facial expressions can influence how you feel. 
D)  all of these choices.

Question 6

According to the foot-in-the-door principle, if you get someone to agree to a small request, he or she will

Accepted Answer

A)  later comply with a larger request. 
B)  expect you to return the favour later. 
C)  experience reactance and refuse requests for all later favours. 
D)  see himself or herself as altruistic and do similar favours for other people.

Question 7

A comparison of theories explaining attitude-behaviour relationships concludes that dissonance conditions do indeed arouse tension, especially when those conditions threaten

Accepted Answer

A)  self-worth. 
B)  physical discomfort. 
C)  as-yet-unformed attitudes. 
D)  none of these choices.

Question 8

Impression management is to _______________ as cognitive dissonance is to _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  overjustification; insufficient justification 
B)  Bem; Festinger 
C)  self-monitoring; self-presentation 
D)  self-presentation; self-justification

Question 9

When the measured attitude is general and the behaviour is very specific, we _________ expect a close correspondence between words and actions. Attitudes _______ predict behaviour in 26 studies in which the measured attitude was directly pertinent to the situation.

Accepted Answer

A)  should; did not 
B)  should not; did 
C)  should not; did not 
D)  should; did

Question 10

Deciding-is-believing causes voters to indicate more esteem and confidence in a candidate

Accepted Answer

A)  long before they vote. 
B)  just before they vote. 
C)  just after they vote. 
D)  just after the results are known.

Question 11

Historians suggest that in Nazi Germany, citizens who were reluctant to support the Nazi regime experienced a profound inconsistency between their private beliefs and

Accepted Answer

A)  running a private business in Germany. 
B)  enrolling their children in German schools. 
C)  reciting the public greeting "Heil Hitler" as a conformist greeting. 
D)  saluting the German flag but not the swastika.

Question 12

Two possible conditions under which attitudes will predict behaviour are:

Accepted Answer

A)  When we minimize other influences on our attitude statements and our behaviour. 
B)  When the attitude is specifically relevant to the observed behaviour. 
C)  Both A and B. 
D)  None of these choices.

Question 13

You've just been promoted to the role of supervisor at work. You feel awkward and uncomfortable in your new position. Research on role-playing suggests

Accepted Answer

A)  this discomfort will increase over time. 
B)  others will not treat you fairly in your new position. 
C)  over time you will get comfortable with your new role. 
D)  your attitude and feelings toward your new role will not change over time.

Question 14

Researcher Jack Brehm had women rate the desirability of various appliances before and after they had chosen one to keep for themselves. Brehm found that after the women had chosen a particular appliance, they

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased their rating of its desirability. 
B)  expressed increased interest in learning about the others. 
C)  increased their rating of its desirability. 
D)  increased their rating of how desirable the others were.

Question 15

The general concept of consistency between attitudes and behaviour is important to both self-presentation theory and cognitive dissonance theory. Compare and contrast how these two theories use this concept.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The general concept of consistency between attitudes...

Question 16

Nicole loses her former interest in playing the piano after her father promises to pay her $2 for each hour of practice. This illustrates the _____________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  insufficient justification 
B)  low-ball 
C)  overjustification 
D)  door-in-the-face

Question 17

Which of the following statements correctly explains the bogus pipeline strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants' expressed attitudes are interpreted to mean the exact opposite of their true attitudes. 
B)  Participants are deceived into believing that their true attitudes are being measured directly, so they do not distort their expressed attitudes. 
C)  Researchers ignore the participants' expressed attitudes and infer true attitudes from measures of arousal and tension. 
D)  Participants' responses are evaluated by a polygraph machine that provides a measure of deception and distortion.

Question 18

According to research,

Accepted Answer

A)  people's expressed attitudes hardly predicted their varying behaviours. 
B)  students' attitudes toward cheating bore little relation to the likelihood of their actual cheating. 
C)  attitudes toward the church were only modestly linked with church attendance on any given Sunday. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 19

Research on which of the following has revealed that people sometimes express attitudes that the do not privately hold?

Accepted Answer

A)  The principle of aggregation 
B)  Foot-in-the-door 
C)  The totalitarian ego 
D)  Bogus pipeline

Question 20

For the foot-in-the-door principle to work, the initial compliance-signing a petition, wearing a lapel pin, stating one's intention-must be

Accepted Answer

A)  granted without much thought. 
B)  voluntary. 
C)  socially approved. 
D)  granted to a powerful authority figure.

Exam 4: Behaviour and Attitudes