Question 1

According to the idea of "telling more than we can know" one reason that introspection is sometimes not an accurate way to learn about oneself is that

Accepted Answer

A)  people have to be extremely self-aware to learn anything about themselves. 
B)  people must rely on controlled processes to effectively introspect. 
C)  mental processes are not observable, and therefore do not actually exist. 
D)  many of our mental processes occur outside our awareness.

Question 2

Recall that in a variation of his other work with great apes, Gallup (1997) compared the ability of chimps reared in social groups and chimps reared in isolation to recognize themselves in the mirror. Gallup's results suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  although humans develop a sense of self without social interaction, chimps do not. 
B)  for many primates, social interaction is crucial for developing a sense of self. 
C)  for chimpanzees and other great apes, mirrors can serve as a looking-glass self. 
D)  like humans, chimpanzees and other great apes engage in social comparison.

Question 3

If you just declined an invitation to go out with friends so that you can study and then another friend offers you a beer, according to research in this chapter, what can you do to exert some self-control and stick with your study plan?

Accepted Answer

A)  Give up. There's nothing you can do now; you've already seen the beer. 
B)  Take a break and collect yourself. You can resist the temptation. 
C)  Promise yourself you'll only have one. It can't affect studying that much. 
D)  Have a cookie instead. You deserve some treat.

Question 4

In evaluating programs in which children are offered rewards (e.g., money, pizza) for reading books, a social psychologist might remind us that

Accepted Answer

A)  rewards do not have an effect if children don't like reading in the first place. 
B)  punishers are more effective than rewards where humans are concerned. 
C)  rewards might convince children that they are reading simply to secure pizza or money. 
D)  excessive rewards will undermine the children's self-esteem.

Question 5

According to the text, the existence of Japanese benriya or "convenience agencies," which rent guests for weddings, funerals, and lectures, suggests that the

Accepted Answer

A)  desire to manage public impressions is stronger in Japan than it is in the U.S. 
B)  desire to manage public impressions is as strong in Japan as it is in the U.S. 
C)  Japanese have inherently low self-esteem. 
D)  Japanese have discovered a new business that is likely to take off in the U.S. in the next decade.

Question 6

Women tend to have more ________ interdependence, and men tend to have more ________ interdependence.

Accepted Answer

A)  relational; collective 
B)  relational; autonomous 
C)  collective; autonomous 
D)  collective; relational

Question 7

Recall Schachter and Singer's study in which participants were given an injection, then exposed to either a very happy or very angry confederate, then asked about their mood. Which of the following is an independent variable in this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  participant's mood 
B)  gender of the participant 
C)  receiving the injection of epinephrine or a neutral compound 
D)  how many times they hula-hooped with the confederate

Question 8

When there are no objective criteria and we feel uncertain, with whom are we most likely to compare ourselves?

Accepted Answer

A)  anyone who happens to be available as a standard of comparison. 
B)  those who are similar to us on the relevant dimension. 
C)  those who are different from us on the relevant dimension. d those who are slightly better than we are on the relevant dimension.

Question 9

In giving praise, parents should try to avoid ________ if they want to enhance their child's intrinsic motivation for the task.

Accepted Answer

A)  conveying the message that there is a fixed amount of ability that one either has or doesn't have 
B)  making the child feel competent in the area 
C)  making the child feel as though the task required hard work 
D)  conveying the message that the task was one that the child chose to do on his or her own initiative

Question 10

According to the textbook, research on the development of the self-concept using the "red dye" test (placing a red dot on the forehead of the child and then showing the child his or her reflection in the mirror and seeing whether the child touches the red dot on the "baby in the mirror" or his or her own head) indicates that the self-concept in human infants develops at, on average, age

Accepted Answer

A)  6-8 months. 
B)  12-14 year. 
C)  18-24 months. 
D)  2-3 years.

Question 11

Mary is planning to get married in the near future. Imagine Mary has an independent view of herself. What would be some reasons she would give for getting married, and how does this reflect an independent self? Now imagine she has an interdependent view of herself. What would be some reasons she would give for getting married then, and how does that reflect her interdependent self?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mary is planning to get married in...

Question 12

Ingratiation is an impression management strategy whereby people use

Accepted Answer

A)  self-handicapping techniques. 
B)  flattery or praise. 
C)  gossip and back-stabbing. 
D)  physical appearance to their advantage.

Question 13

Social comparison theory suggests that in order to learn about our own abilities and attitudes, we

Accepted Answer

A)  use introspection. 
B)  compare ourselves to others. 
C)  examine our past behaviors. 
D)  must experience both arousal and cognition.

Question 14

People who are high in "relational interdependence"

Accepted Answer

A)  have more friends. 
B)  belong to more social groups. 
C)  focus more on their feelings about close relationships. 
D)  have more interactions with relatives.

Question 15

Brittany knows she will need all the mental resources she has to focus on a speech she must give. Which of the following would be least helpful in terms of increasing her self-regulatory resources?

Accepted Answer

A)  eating regular meals that day 
B)  not doing other mentally draining things that day 
C)  drinking a regular soda 
D)  also trying to quit smoking that day

Question 16

Why does misattribution of arousal happen?

Accepted Answer

A)  You are aware of arousal, and have a single interpretation available. 
B)  You are unaware of your arousal level. 
C)  You are aware of arousal, but there are multiple plausible causes for it. 
D)  You are unaware of your arousal but are interpreting your situation.

Question 17

According to research mentioned in this chapter, when children initially enjoyed a game, then were rewarded for it, how did they later behave after the reward was removed?

Accepted Answer

A)  They persisted at the game at baseline levels. 
B)  They persisted at the game as though there was a reward. 
C)  They completely ceased playing the game. 
D)  They gradually played the game less.

Question 18

According to the authors, programs which provide children large monetary rewards for reading,

Accepted Answer

A)  encourage students to value reading. 
B)  are prohibitively expensive to implement. 
C)  may actually reduce their enjoyment of reading. 
D)  are effective only with younger students.

Question 19

Reading programs that are intended to encourage children to read more by paying them to read books is an example of using

Accepted Answer

A)  task-contingent rewards. 
B)  performance-contingent rewards. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  intrinsic motivation.

Question 20

What is meant by the idea of the "looking glass self" (Cooley, 1902)?

Accepted Answer

A)  We see ourselves best through introspection. 
B)  We see ourselves and the social world through others' eyes and take on those views. 
C)  We tend to seek out friendships that only reflect our own personal beliefs. 
D)  We refuse to believe that any opinion other than our own is valid.

Exam 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context