Question 1

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

Accepted Answer

A)  UR. 
B)  US. 
C)  CR. 
D)  CS.

Question 2

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  cognitive learning. 
C)  partial reinforcement. 
D)  shaping.

Question 3

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  CS; US 
B)  UR; CS 
C)  secondary reinforcer; operant behavior 
D)  negative reinforcer; operant behavior

Question 4

In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occurred

Accepted Answer

A)  during acquisition, when the CS was first paired with the US. 
B)  during extinction, when the CS was first presented by itself. 
C)  when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period. 
D)  during discrimination training, when several conditioned stimuli were introduced.

Question 5

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  primary reinforcer. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  immediate reinforcer.

Question 6

Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive learning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 7

In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role?

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional problems 
B)  the body's immune response 
C)  helping drug addicts 
D)  in all of these cases

Question 8

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as

Accepted Answer

A)  CS. 
B)  CR. 
C)  US. 
D)  UR.

Question 9

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  higher-order conditioning. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  respondent behavior. 
D)  observational learning.

Question 10

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive learning. 
B)  a conditioned reinforcer. 
C)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  operant behavior.

Question 11

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a

Accepted Answer

A)  UR. 
B)  US. 
C)  CR. 
D)  CS.

Question 12

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  intermittent reinforcement. 
D)  higher-order conditioning.

Question 13

Learning is best defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked. 
B)  a change in the behavior of an organism. 
C)  a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience. 
D)  behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning.

Question 14

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  secondary reinforcer. 
C)  neutral stimulus. 
D)  primary reinforcer.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  studying for a test 
B)  blushing when embarrassed 
C)  thanking someone for their help 
D)  sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor

Question 16

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  associative learning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Exam 20: Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning