Question 1

Learning that occurs when someone watches others get rewarded or punished for behavior is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  social learning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  variable-ratio reinforcement

Question 2

Frieda finds calculus difficult, but studies long hours and goes for tutoring because she believes these things will help her do better in the class. Frieda likely has __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an internal locus of control 
B)  an external locus of control 
C)  implicit motivation 
D)  explicit motivation

Question 3

Chuck goes to work five days a week and is paid after every two weeks. This is an example of a __________ reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  fixed-ratio

Question 4

What was Ivan Pavlov originally studying when he stumbled on the principles of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  digestion in dogs 
B)  the Bobo doll 
C)  pigeons in a box 
D)  mice in a maze

Question 5

Alejandro is in therapy to learn how to cope with his snake phobia. Alejandro's counselor is slowly getting him ready for the day when he can be in the same room as a snake without experiencing significant distress. What is the treatment for phobias called that attempts to reduce fear in small steps?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alejandro is in therapy to learn how...

Question 6

Gerald is given a sticker every time he spells a list of words correctly. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  negative punishment

Question 7

Giving out rewards for good behavior at certain intervals is known as a __________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous reinforcement 
B)  partial reinforcement 
C)  reinforcement 
D)  fixed reinforcement

Question 8

Why are variable-ratio reinforcement schedules effective in maintaining behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why are variable-ratio reinforcement schedules effective in...

Question 9

__________ is/are beliefs about how often actions lead to rewards versus punishment.

Accepted Answer

A)  Reinforcement value 
B)  External locus of control 
C)  Internal locus of control 
D)  Generalized expectancies

Question 10

You are trying to decide whether you should go to a friend's party. As you consider this, you remember that in the past, you have had fun at her parties. What did Julian Rotter call these considerations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are trying to decide whether you...

Question 11

Sophie is applying to colleges this year. She works hard, but ultimately believes she has little control over whether she gets in or not. Sophie likely has __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an external locus of control 
B)  an internal locus of control 
C)  implicit motivation 
D)  explicit motivation

Question 12

Julie wants her professor to call on her during class. Every time he looks in her direction after asking a question, Julie gives him a big smile. This is an example of a __________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous reinforcement 
B)  reinforcement 
C)  partial reinforcement 
D)  fixed-interval reinforcement

Question 13

List four ways to modify behavior and give an example of how you can use each way to increase your studying or decrease your time off-task.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List four ways to modify behavior and...

Question 14

Ramon refuses to eat his vegetables. His parents send him to bed without any dinner. What type of behavior modification is being used in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  negative punishment 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  positive reinforcement

Question 15

Boys often learn to not cry and to exhibit other typically masculine behaviors as children through __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  reciprocal determinism 
D)  self-actualization

Question 16

Egon refuses to wear a seatbelt when he drives his car or even when he is a passenger. "If it's my time to die, it's my time to die," he claims, "and there's nothing I can do to change that." What does Egon's perception indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  an external locus of control 
B)  self-actualization 
C)  fixed-interval reinforcement 
D)  an internal locus of control

Question 17

Why is positive reinforcement more effective than punishment?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is positive reinforcement more effective than...

Question 18

Roxanne's new apartment is close to the fire station downtown. At first, she has trouble sleeping at night because every time the trucks go out, the noise wakes her. After a few days she has gotten used to it. What has Roxanne experienced?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Roxanne's new apartment is close to the...

Question 19

Give an example of classical conditioning related to food or drink.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give an example of classical conditioning related...

Question 20

What was the name of the baby that John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner used in their experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Little Albert 
B)  Little Walter 
C)  Tiny Alice 
D)  Little Milton

Exam 8: How Learning Shapes Behavior