Question 1

Edward Thorndike's research confined cats to puzzle boxes. When the cats pressed a lever or pulled a string, a door would open and the cats would escape and be rewarded with food-a combination of __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement 
B)  negative punishment; positive reinforcement 
C)  positive punishment; positive reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment; positive punishment

Question 2

What are four ways behavior can be modified using the principles of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are four ways behavior can be...

Question 3

How children slowly learn to become mature members of society and learn their culture's rules is referred to as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  socialization 
B)  reciprocal determinism 
C)  self-actualization 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 4

How does having an internal locus of control affect academic performance?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does having an internal locus of...

Question 5

Owen is neurotic, distrustful, and a little bit paranoid. Wary would be an excellent word to describe his personality. According to the principles of reciprocal determinism, how will the environments Owen gravitates toward influence the behaviors he exhibits?

Accepted Answer

A)  Owen is likely to seek secure environments (such as his locked bedroom), which in turn will reinforce his behaviors (avoiding interactions with others). 
B)  Owen is likely to seek emotionally neutral environments (such as a national park), which in turn will allow him to align his behaviors with his personality. 
C)  Owen is likely to seek uncertain environments (such as sprawling, crowded events) so he can sharpen his detection skills (noting malicious intent in others). 
D)  Owen is likely to seek uncontrolled environments (such as underground dance parties) so he can confirm his suspicious conclusions (that others are out to get him).

Question 6

Which psychological perspective explains behavior with no reference to the inner workings of the mind?

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalysis 
B)  humanism 
C)  social learning theory 
D)  behaviorism

Question 7

Naomi continued to text with her friends at the dinner table even after being told numerous times not to do so. Her parents then took her phone away for a week. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative punishment 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 8

Which statement is correct regarding behavior modification?

Accepted Answer

A)  It involves the process of shaping. 
B)  It is useful only for teaching autistic children. 
C)  It is different from operant conditioning. 
D)  It cannot be used with animals.

Question 9

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog food is an example of a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response (UCR) 
B)  unconditioned stimulus (UCS) 
C)  conditioned stimulus (CS) 
D)  conditioned response (CR)

Question 10

Which theorist was the primary proponent of the social learning approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carl Rogers 
B)  Edward Thorndike 
C)  Albert Bandura 
D)  B. F. Skinner

Question 11

In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned response (CR) was __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the white rat 
B)  the loud noise 
C)  looking at Rosalie Rayner 
D)  crying

Question 12

__________ proposed that regardless of genetics, he could use the environment to shape children into any type of person he chose.

Accepted Answer

A)  Sigmund Freud 
B)  Abraham Maslow 
C)  Ivan Pavlov 
D)  John Watson

Question 13

Which partial reinforcement schedule involves giving out a reward after a certain number of behaviors have occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval reinforcement 
B)  variable-interval reinforcement 
C)  fixed-ratio reinforcement 
D)  variable-ratio reinforcement

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Classical conditioning is the associating of two things not normally associated with each other. 
B)  Classical conditioning is an effective way to strengthen muscle tone. 
C)  Classical conditioning was once widely acknowledged, but has now been largely debunked. 
D)  Classical conditioning is known to be more powerful for altering behavior than operant conditioning.

Question 15

The degree to which a particular reward is enticing to a particular person is referred to as its __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement value 
B)  generalized expectancy 
C)  fixed-ratio reinforcement 
D)  external locus of control

Question 16

Students who go far away from home for college may have different personalities from those who stay closer to home, and the experience of being far away from home may shape their personalities. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal determinism 
B)  self-actualization 
C)  psychodynamic theory 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 17

Shannon is terrified of spiders. To overcome her fear, she enters a room that contains spiders and touches one. This therapy is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  flooding 
B)  habituation 
C)  shaping 
D)  discrimination

Question 18

__________ implied that behavior modification could be used to create a utopian society in which no one is aggressive or violent.

Accepted Answer

A)  John Watson 
B)  B. F. Skinner 
C)  Carl Rogers 
D)  Abraham Maslow

Question 19

Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  negative punishment 
D)  positive reinforcement

Question 20

In order to help employees stop smoking, what might an employer do to effectively use behavior modification to reward positive behavior with its employees?

Accepted Answer

A)  Give employees who demonstrate that they have quit smoking incrementally larger gift cards each week ($15 the first week, $20 the second week, and so on). 
B)  Limit employees to three smoke breaks a day. 
C)  Require employees who smoke to attend a workshop on why smoking is bad for you. 
D)  Ban smoking from the office grounds.

Exam 8: How Learning Shapes Behavior

Edward Thorndike's research confined cats to puzzle boxes. When the cats pressed a lever or pulled a string, a door would open and the cats would escape and be rewarded with food-a combination of and .