Question 1

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the fear produced by the sight of the balloon is the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

Question 2

Operant conditioning can be used for all of the following, except

Accepted Answer

A)  learning new responses. 
B)  creating a response to a neutral stimulus through association. 
C)  decreasing the frequency of an existing response. 
D)  increasing the frequency of an existing response.

Question 3

Taking aspirin to terminate a headache leads to

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 4

According to the text, reinforcement is defined as any event that

Accepted Answer

A)  satisfies psychological needs. 
B)  increases the probability of a response. 
C)  satisfies physiological needs. 
D)  a person or animal enjoys.

Question 5

If children behave better on Fridays than on other days, you might suspect that the children are given allowances on which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable ratio 
D)  variable interval

Question 6

Acquiring new forms of behaviour by watching and imitating others is called observational learning or

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  learning by insight. 
D)  modelling.

Question 7

An effective method of applying punishment is for one parent to punish a behaviour and another parent ignore the same behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Salivating when you are eating steak is ________ response; salivating when you see a thick steak being barbecued on television is ________ response.

Accepted Answer

A)  an unconditioned; an unconditioned 
B)  a conditioned; a conditioned 
C)  an unconditioned; a conditioned 
D)  a conditioned; an unconditioned

Question 9

In classical conditioning, which element functions as a signal?

Accepted Answer

A)  the unconditioned stimulus 
B)  the conditioned response 
C)  the conditioned stimulus 
D)  the unconditioned response

Question 10

Both punishment and negative reinforcement are used to decrease the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

How does operant conditioning explain the learning of new behaviours?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does operant conditioning explain the learning...

Question 12

An involuntary response to a particular stimulus, such as an eye-blink response to a puff of air or salivation to food placed in one's mouth, is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  modified behaviour. 
B)  conditioned response. 
C)  vicarious response. 
D)  reflex.

Question 13

Procedures that strengthen behaviour are termed ________ and procedures that suppress behaviour are termed ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive; negative 
B)  reinforcement; punishment 
C)  primary; secondary 
D)  implosive; explosive

Question 14

Negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  decreases the probability of a response. 
B)  is less effective than positive reinforcement. 
C)  is another term for punishment. 
D)  increases the probability of a response.

Question 15

Which factor listed below led Pavlov to determine that an extinguished conditioned response was not erased or forgotten, but only inhibited?

Accepted Answer

A)  The unconditioned stimulus produced stronger unconditioned responses than before conditioning. 
B)  The conditioned response could be recovered in much less time than was originally required to learn it. 
C)  The conditioned stimulus always produced some diminished response after extinction. 
D)  Brain scans indicated that a permanent change at the synapses had occurred.

Question 16

The purpose of a time out in behaviour modification programs is to

Accepted Answer

A)  give all the other children a break from the one acting inappropriately. 
B)  remove the child for a short time from sources of positive reinforcement. 
C)  allow the child to consider their bad behaviour, and make a change. 
D)  give the teacher a chance to think about how to work effectively with the child.

Question 17

A pigeon gets a food reward each time it pecks at a blue disk. Because of generalization, the pigeon would also peck at

Accepted Answer

A)  a black disk. 
B)  a white disk. 
C)  an orange disk. 
D)  a green disk.

Question 18

One account of why poverty is so difficult to overcome suggests that people living in poverty have given up, perceiving that their condition is inescapable. This explanation sounds most like

Accepted Answer

A)  avoidance learning. 
B)  the consequences of punishment. 
C)  learned helplessness. 
D)  the magnitude of punishment effect.

Question 19

Morgana was once frightened by big, barking dogs-she now cries when she sees a dog. After this has occurred many times, Morgana now also cries at the sight of a dog leash or collar. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  crying at seeing a leash or collar. 
B)  the leash or collar. 
C)  the dog. 
D)  crying at hearing a dog.

Question 20

Pavlov found that about 20 pairings of the tone and the meat powder would result in a conditioned response where the tone alone could elicit the salivation response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 5: Learning

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the fear produced by the sight of the balloon is the

Operant conditioning can be used for all of the following, except

Taking aspirin to terminate a headache leads to

According to the text, reinforcement is defined as any event that

If children behave better on Fridays than on other days, you might suspect that the children are given allowances on which schedule of reinforcement?

Acquiring new forms of behaviour by watching and imitating others is called observational learning or

An effective method of applying punishment is for one parent to punish a behaviour and another parent ignore the same behaviour.

Salivating when you are eating steak is response; salivating when you see a thick steak being barbecued on television is response.

In classical conditioning, which element functions as a signal?

Both punishment and negative reinforcement are used to decrease the probability of a response.

How does operant conditioning explain the learning of new behaviours?

An involuntary response to a particular stimulus, such as an eye-blink response to a puff of air or salivation to food placed in one's mouth, is called a

Procedures that strengthen behaviour are termed and procedures that suppress behaviour are termed .

Negative reinforcement

Which factor listed below led Pavlov to determine that an extinguished conditioned response was not erased or forgotten, but only inhibited?

The purpose of a time out in behaviour modification programs is to

A pigeon gets a food reward each time it pecks at a blue disk. Because of generalization, the pigeon would also peck at

One account of why poverty is so difficult to overcome suggests that people living in poverty have given up, perceiving that their condition is inescapable. This explanation sounds most like

Morgana was once frightened by big, barking dogs-she now cries when she sees a dog. After this has occurred many times, Morgana now also cries at the sight of a dog leash or collar. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

Pavlov found that about 20 pairings of the tone and the meat powder would result in a conditioned response where the tone alone could elicit the salivation response.