Question 1

When postoperative hospital patients are given responsibility for giving themselves pain- killing drugs,

Accepted Answer

A)  they experience too much stress from the responsibility. 
B)  they typically given themselves higher doses of the painkiller than doctors would prescribe. 
C)  they often have a quicker recovery. 
D)  they often report experiencing more pain.

Question 2

People are often motivated to enhance or protect their self-images. In what circumstances are self-image enhancement and protection especially important? Describe three cognitive or behavioral strategies that people use for boosting and protecting their self-images.

Accepted Answer

The answer of People are often motivated to enhance or...

Question 3

Participants in a study by Jones and Harris were shown essays ostensibly written by students on a debate team. Which of the following possible results best demonstrates the correspondence bias? Participants thought that the author of the essay

Accepted Answer

A)  who was required to write an anti-Castro essay had positive attitudes toward Castro. 
B)  who was required to write a pro-Castro essay had positive attitudes toward Castro. 
C)  who freely chose to write an anti-Castro essay had neutral attitudes toward Castro. 
D)  who freely chose to write an anti-Castro essay had positive attitudes toward Castro.

Question 4

Which of the following factors was discussed as related to increased accuracy in social cognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  low need for personal control 
B)  high need for cognition 
C)  being happy as opposed to sad 
D)  increased physiological arousal

Question 5

We are LESS likely to use cognitive shortcuts when thinking about other people if

Accepted Answer

A)  these people behave as we expected. 
B)  we depend on these people. 
C)  we are in a happy mood. 
D)  we are under time pressure.

Question 6

Let's say that people overestimate the risks of getting HIV/AIDS and underestimate the risks of getting skin cancer. Given what we know about the availability heuristic, this is likely due to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  we can more easily recall instances of people with skin cancer. 
B)  we can more easily recall instances of people with HIV/AIDS. 
C)  HIV/AIDS better fits our schema for diseases. 
D)  we don't want to believe that one of our relaxing, easy forms of recreation and self- presentation (sun bathing) is dangerous.

Question 7

The discounting principle states that as the number of possible causes for an event increases, our confidence that any one cause is the true one should decrease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Discuss the roles that expectations can play in social cognitive processing. Be sure to discuss this in the context of both conserving mental effort and accuracy motivation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the roles that expectations can play...

Question 9

All of the following are core processes of social cognition EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  interpretation. 
B)  attention. 
C)  memory. 
D)  expectancy confirmation.

Question 10

When Richard Nixon was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, he attributed his victory to his personal strengths. When defeated by John Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election, however, Nixon's explanations focused on external reasons like the pro-Kennedy bias of the media. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the fundamental attribution error. 
B)  the self-serving bias. 
C)  a self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D)  the actor-observer difference.

Question 11

Downward social comparisons typically reduce self-esteem and increase stress.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The judgment that a person's behavior is caused by his/her personality is called a(an)

Accepted Answer

A)  external inference. 
B)  dispositional inference. 
C)  consensus judgment. 
D)  person-situation interaction.

Question 13

Imagine that you are listening to a speech and you need to evaluate the speaker's "true" attitudes toward some issues. In which of the following cases would you be LESS likely to take into account the circumstances under which the speaker is giving the speech, for example, whether he had a choice on which side to take.

Accepted Answer

A)  The issue is personally important to you. 
B)  You are the next speaker and you are preparing your own speech. 
C)  You have plenty of time to make your evaluation. 
D)  You are in a sad mood.

Question 14

Imagine you are the CEO of a firm that succeeds only if its employees avoid relying on cognitive shortcuts. How would you go about encouraging people to be more accurate in their judgments? What strategies would you teach them? What types of people would you hire if you want them to be motivated to avoid cognitive shortcuts?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine you are the CEO of a...

Question 15

Downward social comparison helps people_________________, whereas upward social comparison helps people_________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conserve mental energy; reduce their stress 
B)  be accurate; enhance their self-esteem 
C)  achieve goals; conserve effort 
D)  feel better about themselves; work toward self-improvement

Question 16

Who is most likely to enhance and protect his/her personal self esteem?

Accepted Answer

A)  a Canadian citizen 
B)  a Chinese citizen 
C)  a Japanese citizen 
D)  All these people are equally likely to enhance and protect their personal self-esteem.

Question 17

Your text notes that mildly depressed students are more likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  commit the fundamental attribution error. 
B)  be stereotypical in their judgments. 
C)  engage in careful and comprehensive thought. 
D)  be extreme in their judgments.

Question 18

The fundamental attribution error is called that because people in all cultures demonstrate it just as often.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Research on the fundamental attribution error shows that humans tend to overly emphasize the effect of_________________and under-appreciate the effect of_________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the situation; personality 
B)  personality; the situation 
C)  cognition; emotion 
D)  emotion; cognition

Question 20

Aline is in love with Carlos. According to the covariation model, which of the following combinations of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information would lead you to attribute her love to a special magic between Aline and Carlos (person and situation interaction attribution)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Consensus is low, distinctiveness is low, and consistency is high. 
B)  Consensus is high, distinctiveness is high, and consistency is high. 
C)  Consensus is low, distinctiveness is high, and consistency is high. 
D)  Consensus is high, distinctiveness is low, and consistency is low.

Exam 3: Social Cognition: Understanding Ourselves and Others

When postoperative hospital patients are given responsibility for giving themselves pain- killing drugs,

People are often motivated to enhance or protect their self-images. In what circumstances are self-image enhancement and protection especially important? Describe three cognitive or behavioral strategies that people use for boosting and protecting their self-images.

Participants in a study by Jones and Harris were shown essays ostensibly written by students on a debate team. Which of the following possible results best demonstrates the correspondence bias? Participants thought that the author of the essay

Which of the following factors was discussed as related to increased accuracy in social cognition?

We are LESS likely to use cognitive shortcuts when thinking about other people if

Let's say that people overestimate the risks of getting HIV/AIDS and underestimate the risks of getting skin cancer. Given what we know about the availability heuristic, this is likely due to the fact that

The discounting principle states that as the number of possible causes for an event increases, our confidence that any one cause is the true one should decrease.

Discuss the roles that expectations can play in social cognitive processing. Be sure to discuss this in the context of both conserving mental effort and accuracy motivation.

All of the following are core processes of social cognition EXCEPT

Downward social comparisons typically reduce self-esteem and increase stress.

The judgment that a person's behavior is caused by his/her personality is called a(an)

Downward social comparison helps people_, whereas upward social comparison helps people_.

Who is most likely to enhance and protect his/her personal self esteem?

Your text notes that mildly depressed students are more likely to

The fundamental attribution error is called that because people in all cultures demonstrate it just as often.

Research on the fundamental attribution error shows that humans tend to overly emphasize the effect of_and under-appreciate the effect of_.

Aline is in love with Carlos. According to the covariation model, which of the following combinations of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information would lead you to attribute her love to a special magic between Aline and Carlos (person and situation interaction attribution) ?