Question 1

For children, the most immediate stimulation of sharing is provided by the

Accepted Answer

A)  desire to obey adult authority figures. 
B)  give-and-take of peer requests and arguments. 
C)  saliency of the item in dispute. 
D)  feelings of shame, guilt, and empathy.

Question 2

In the contemporary perspective on moral development, what do many psychologists believe about children's moral development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents' modeled standards and behaviors are the primary contributors to moral development. 
B)  Biological predisposition primarily influences moral development. 
C)  Both positive feelings and negative feelings contribute to moral development. 
D)  Extrinsic rewards and punishments are the primary influences on moral development.

Question 3

To a 6-year-old child, being fair would MOST likely mean giving

Accepted Answer

A)  an equal amount to all. 
B)  more to her/himself than to others. 
C)  more to those who are disadvantaged. 
D)  more to those who work the hardest.

Question 4

According to Kochanska and her colleagues (2002), young children

Accepted Answer

A)  do not feel guilt. 
B)  are aware of right and wrong. 
C)  indicate pleasure following doing something wrong. 
D)  do not have the capacity to show empathy toward others.

Question 5

Which of the following hypothesizes a possible core of moral personality?

Accepted Answer

A)  moral personality 
B)  psychoanalytic theory 
C)  social cognitive theory 
D)  Kohlberg's theory

Question 6

Contrast moral competence and moral performance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Contrast moral competence and moral performance....

Question 7

Nine-year-old Kara accidentally let the cat out. Her mother calmly explains, "It's too cold for the cat to stay outside tonight, and it takes a long time to look for him and get him back in. Please try to be more careful when you open the door next time." Kara will likely react by

Accepted Answer

A)  becoming angry and physically aggressive. 
B)  becoming anxious and worried that she will upset her mother again. 
C)  understanding that letting the cat out is not good for the cat or her mother. 
D)  running to her room, screaming and crying.

Question 8

When children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world that are out of the control of people, they are displaying

Accepted Answer

A)  relativistic justice. 
B)  autonomous morality. 
C)  heteronomous morality. 
D)  homonomous morality.

Question 9

According to a 1999 study, which of the following is TRUE of adolescents' religious involvement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Low religious involvement is correlated with stronger family relationships. 
B)  Lack of religious involvement triples the chance of an adolescent engaging in delinquent behaviors. 
C)  Religious adolescents have lower grades due to over-involvement with church activities. 
D)  Religious adolescents are almost three times as likely to engage in community service.

Question 10

In a recent study of adolescents, what was negatively correlated to school truancy and depression?

Accepted Answer

A)  spirituality without specific religious belief 
B)  religious experimentation 
C)  personal conservatism 
D)  strong interest in religion

Question 11

Drivers stop when a traffic light turns red. This is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A)  social convention. 
B)  cultural tradition. 
C)  moral rule. 
D)  justice concept.

Question 12

Moral "lessons" slightly beyond children's cognitive levels will motivate them to restructure their moral thought and promote advanced moral reasoning. This statement is closely tied to the concept(s) of

Accepted Answer

A)  social observational learning. 
B)  dishabituation and habituation. 
C)  disequilibrium and equilibrium. 
D)  rewards and punishments in behaviorism.

Question 13

Taetem is interviewed while participating in a protest. Taetem states that she has the right to express her opinion, but so does anyone else who disagrees with her. Which moral level does Taetem's statement reflect?

Accepted Answer

A)  postconventional 
B)  conventional 
C)  unconventional 
D)  preconventional

Question 14

Clarissa resists peer pressure to smoke a cigarette. She feels proud of herself for maintaining her personal and family standards of behavior. According to psychoanalytic theory, she is being rewarded by her

Accepted Answer

A)  id. 
B)  ego. 
C)  ego ideal. 
D)  conscience.

Question 15

Piaget and Kohlberg agree that

Accepted Answer

A)  peer relations challenge children to advance their moral reasoning. 
B)  biological processes must mature for morality to develop. 
C)  children learn morality through consequences of behavior. 
D)  morality is a critical period that must be reached by childhood.

Question 16

Mia yields to peer pressure to smoke a cigarette. She feels guilty and worthless for not living up to her personal and family standards of behavior. According to psychoanalytic theory, she is being punished by her

Accepted Answer

A)  id. 
B)  ego. 
C)  ego ideal. 
D)  conscience.

Question 17

Gilligan's care perspective on moral behavior emphasizes

Accepted Answer

A)  connectedness, interpersonal communication, care for others, and relationships. 
B)  the rights of the individual. 
C)  that individuals stand alone and independently make moral decisions. 
D)  social customs and conventions.

Question 18

Based on research looking at Gilligan's care perspective versus Kohlberg's justice perspective (not including Gilligan's own research), at least one study showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  males are more likely to use care perspectives than females. 
B)  females are more likely to use a justice perspective than males. 
C)  girls are slightly more likely to use a care perspective than males. 
D)  girls are more cognizant of which care perspective they are using in moral reasoning.

Question 19

Briefly describe the two broad types of moral reasoning development identified by Piaget.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe the two broad types of...

Question 20

According to Pamela King and her colleagues, a feeling for experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  conscience. 
B)  morality. 
C)  spirituality. 
D)  a care perspective.

Exam 13: Moral Development, Values, and Religion