Foley and Her Colleagues (1999) Proposed That the Research on Self-Reference

Multiple Choice

Foley and her colleagues (1999) proposed that the research on self-reference may actually underestimate the magnitude of the self-reference effect. They reached this conclusion because

A) participants typically process items at a shallow level of processing, even when they are instructed to use deep processing.
B) the meta-analysis of the data on the self-reference effect demonstrates that this technique is not especially helpful.
C) participants cannot really relate items to their own lives.
D) the participants reported that they had often used self-reference processing, even when they had received other instructions.